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Eternal India
encyclopedia
SPORTS
himself was a fine exponent of the game. The runners- up trophy,
known as the Manavadara Cup, was donated by the Nawab of
Manavadara.
At present the following units are affiliated to the Indian
Hockey Federation: the hockey associations of Andhra, Assam,
Bengal, Bihar, Bhopal, Bombay, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana,
Hyderabad, Jammu & Kashmir, Kerala, Madhya Bharat, Tamil
Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Orissa, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Pondicherry, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh and
Manipur, Inter-University Sports Control Board, "Patiala Union
Hockey Association, Railway Sports Control Board, Services
Sports Control Board, U.P. Sports Control Board, Vidharbha
Hockey Association and Indian Airlines Sports Control Board.
Awards
&
Winners
Padma Bhushan
: Dhyan Chand
Padma Shree:
Balbir Singh, K.D. Singh ‘Babu’, Charanjit Singh,
Kishan Lai, Prithipal Singh, Shankar Lakshman, Leslie Claudius, V.
Bhaskaran, Mohammed Shahid, Ajit Pal Singh and J.L. Sharma.
Arjuna Awards:
Prithipal Singh, Charanjit Singh, Shankar La-
kshman, Udham Singh, V.J. Peter, Gurbaksh Singh, Harbinder Kaur,
Jagjit Singh, Mohinder Lai, Balbir Singh, Ajit Pal Singh, P. Krish-
namurthy, Michael Kindo, M.P. Ganesh, Ashok Kumar, B.P. Gov-
inda, Harcharan Singh, V.Bhaskaran, Mohammed Shahid, Zafar
Iqbal, M.M. Somaiyya, Joaquim Martin Carvalho, M.P. Singh, Par-
gat Singh and Jagbir Singh.
A.I.S. Dara, Akhtar Hussain, Latif-ur-Rehman and P.P. Fern-
andes had the distinction of playing for India and Pakistan in inter-
national matches.
During India’s domination, the game was'known for its artistic
and dribbling skills and was generally played on natural turf. The
game has now undergone a sea-change and is known for its sheer
physical speed and is more often than not played on artificial turf.
Artificial turf known as astroturf was first introduced in 1966 at the
Astro Dome Stadium, Houston, USA for a football match. It was
manufactured by Monsento International Sales of the USA. In
hockey, astroturf was first used in the Montreal Olympics in 1976.
Subsequently, at the 1980 Olympics in Moscow, another artificial
surface known as polygrass manufactured by a German firm was
introduced.
Keeping in tune with international trends, Indian hockey players
are also getting used to the various kinds of artificial turfs. The
most commonly used artificial turfs in India are the astroturf,
polygrass, sandfill and super turf.
Venues in India where the artificial turfs can be found are:
National Stadium and Shivaji Stadium, New Delhi, Sports Author-
ity of India Centres at Patiala, Bangalore, Calcutta and Gandhi-
nagar, Sector 24 Sports Stadium, Chandigarh, Burton Park, Jaland-
har, B.H.A. Stadium, Bombay, Pampose Stadium, Rourkela, Dhyan
Chand Stadium, Sports College, Lucknow, as also the stadia at
Amritsar, Ranchi, Rampur, Pune and Bhopal.
INDIA IN INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY
Olympics
Year Venue India’s Position Captain
1928 Amsterdam
First
Jaipal Singh
1932 Los Angeles
First
Lai Shah Bokhari
1936
Berlin
First
Dhyan Chand
1948
London
First
Kishan Lai
1952
Helsinki
First
K.D.Singh ‘Babu’
1956
Melbourne
First
Balbir Singh
1960
Rome
Second
L.W.Claudius
1964
Tokyo
First
Charanjit Singh
1968
Mexico
Third
Prithipal Singh
& Gurubux Singh
1972
Munich
Third
Harmik Singh
1976
Montreal
Seventh
Ajit Pal Singh
1980
Moscow
First
V. Bhaskaran
1984
Los Angeles
Fifth
Zafar Iqbal
1988
Seoul
Sixth
M.M. Somaiyya
1992
Barcelona
Seventh
Pargat Singh
World Cup
1971
Barcelona
Third
Ajit Pal Singh
1973
Amsterdam
Second
M.P. Ganesh
1975
Kuala Lumpur
First
Ajit Pal Singh
1978
Buenos Aires
Sixth
V.J. Philips
1982
Bombay
Fifth
Surjit Singh
1986
London
Twelvth
Md. Shahid
1990
Lahore
Tenth
Pargat Singh
Asian Games
1958
Tokyo
Second
Balbir Singh
1962
Jakarta
Second
Gurudev Singh
1966
Bangkok
First
Shankar Lakshman
1970
Bangkok
Second
Harbinder Singh
1974
Teheran
Second
Ajit Pal Singh
1978
Bangkok
Second
V.J. Philips
1982
New Delhi
Second
Zafar Iqbal
1986
Seoul
Third
Md. Shahid
1990
Beijing
Second
Pargat Singh
HORSE RACING
=> A Great Destination
(TURF
- Pg. No. 104)
JUDO
A combat sport and martial art, Judo was in-
vented by Dr. Jigoro Kano of Japan by combining
the various styles and techniques of ju jitsu'.
Judoka Geesink of Holland in 1961 broke the
myth that two judokas of equal skills but differ-
ing weights and sizes were an equal match by
beating three Japanese entrants in successive
rounds. Geesink's impact encouraged the French to begin a move-
ment for the introduction of weight categories and judo made its ap-
pearance under weight categories in the 1964 Olympic Games.
The sport was brought to India by Japanese travellers and was
practised in 'dojos' (training halls set up by the Japanese). Judo in
its original form of jujitsu' was very much in vogue in Rabindranath
Tagore's Shantiniketan and Prof. R.D. Khanewale's dojo in Pune.
The Judo Federation of India was formed in 1964. Ashwini Khurana