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A - PROFILE (A1 - A4)
2

Map of India
3

B - PERCEPTIONS (B1 - B48)
7

Creation
8

Om (The Cosmic Sound)
9

Pancha Mahaabhuta (Five Elements)
10

Samudra Manthana (Churning of Ocean)
11

Dashavathaara (Ten Incarnations of Vishnu)
12

Agni (The Primeval Fire)
13

Surya (Sun — the Source of Life)
14

Soma (Moon — Love and Happiness)
15

Prithvi (Mother Earth)
16

Punya Vriksha (Sacred Trees)
17

Mahaa Parvata (Sacred Mountain)
18

Nadi (River — Stream of Life)
18

Ganga
19

Loka
20

Kaalachakra (Wheel of Time)
21

Jyotirvignyaana (Astronomy)
22

Phalitha Jyotishya (Astrology)
23

Kaalapurusha : Personification of Time
25

Mantras (Chants of Life)
26

Manu's Concept of Guru-Shishya
27

Brahma Vidya — Spiritual Education
29

Nine circles of Bhakti (Navavidha Bhakti)
29

Yagna (Sacrifice)
30

Dhyaana (Meditation — Union with Godhead)
31

Triads of the Forms
32

The Man, the Mind and Meditation
33

Awakening Kundalini
34

TM : Science of Creative Intelligence
35

Tapas Shakthi
36

Chakras : Energy Circles
37

Sri Chakra and Its Nine Stages of Worship
38

Ganesha (God of Auspicious Beginning)
39

Pooja (Worship)
40

Lakshmi (Goddess of Fame and Fortune)
41

Saraswati (Goddess of Wisdom)
42

Shakthi (Source of Feminine Energy
42

Purusha (Cosmic Man)
42

Vivaaha Samyoga (Marriage — Sacred Union)
43

Karma (Duties of Humans)
45

Dharma (Cosmic Laws)
46

Kaama (Sensuality)
47

Rituals : Deity and the Devotee
48

Symbols
49

Symbols of Shiva
50

Vairaagya (Renunciation)
51

Mukti-Moksha (Release of Cosmic Bliss)
52

Grace Of Divinity
53

Unity of Faiths
54

Sangam — Confluencism
55

C - NATIONAL SYMBOLS (CL - C8)
56

Name-Origin
57

Rashtra Dwaj (National Flag)
58

Usage of Flag by the Services
58

Rashtra Mudra (National Emblem)
59

Rashtra Geeth (National Anthem)
59

Rashtra Mruga (National Animal)
61

Rashtra Pakshi (National Bird)
61

Rashtra Pushpa (National Flower)
62

Rashtra Geeth (National Song)
63

D - PEOPLE (D1 - D24)
65

Races
66

Races (Map)
67

The Caste System
69

Statewise SC and ST List
72

Family and Marriage
77

The Tribals
84

Tribal Areas (Map)
87

Tribal Profile
88

The Anglo-Indians
89

E - EXPRESSIONS OF INDIA (El - E24)
90

Introduction
91

Non-Aryan languages, Aryan languages (Map)
94

Enactments Relating to Linguistic States & Official Languages (Chronology)
94

The Brahmi Script
95

Alphabets
96

Numerals — Equivalents
98

Transliterations in Roman Alphabet
98

The Alphabet Cradle
99

Language Classification
99

Principal and other languages (Map)
102

Inset B : Exclusions
103

Data Bank
104

Major Languages by States (1981)
108

Language Institutes
110

Language key to the institutions
114

F - RELIGION (F1-F48)
115

Introduction
116

Judaism
118

Hinduism
120

Glossary of Hinduism
123

Jainism
124

Buddhism
126

Zoroastrianism
129

Christianity
131

Islam
133

Sikhism
136

Bahai
139

Primal Religion
141

Esoteric Cults and Doctrines
144

Population in major Religions
145

Saints, Sages and Gurus
154

Hindu Pantheon
155

The Epics
158

Ramayana and Mahabharata
159

Hindu Ceremonies and Rituals
160

Daily Routine at Tirumala Temple
162

G - PHILOSOPHY (G1 - G8)
164

Introduction
165

Upanishads
165

Mimamsa
166

Sankhya
166

Yoga
167

Vaisheshika
167

Nyaya
167

Bhagavad Gita
168

Vedanta
169

Shankaracharya
168

Ramanuja
169

Madhwa
169

Jainism
169

Buddhism
171

The Ajivikas
172

H - LURE - THRU THE AGES (H1-H64)
173

Overview
174

Lure - Thru the Ages
176

Pre-Historic Sites in India
177

Harappa and the Aryan Invasion Theory
178

Archaeological Map of Vedic India
180

Indus Valley Civilization — Harappan Culture
181

The Vedic Age
182

Aryans : A Nation or a Code that defined a civilization
183

Magadhan Empire
184

Alexander's Invasion
185

Bactrian Greeks
186

Mauryan Period
186

Satavahanas
188

Shungas
189

Shakas
190

Kushanas
191

Gupta Period
191

Kadambas
193

Gangas
194

Chalukyas of Badami
195

Pallavas
196

Harsha of Kanauj
197

Rashtrakutas
198

Palas
199

Cholas
199

Chalukyas of Kalyana
201

Hoysalas
201

Mahmud Ghazni
202

Pratiharas, Gahadavalas, Ghorids and Senas
203

Kalachuris, Chahamanas, Yadavas and Gajapatis
204

Slave Dynasty
205

Khilji Dynasty
205

Chera Kingdom
206

Rajputs
206

Sisodias
207

Tughlaq Dynasty
208

Vijayanagara Empire
209

Sayyids
210

Lodi Dynasty
211

Bahmani Dynasty
212

Adilshahis
213

Mughals (Map)
214

Sher Shah Suri
221

Wodeyars of Mysore
222

East India Company
223

Marathas
227

Maratha Confederacy under Peshwas
228

European Trading Posts in coastal areas (c. 1700)
231

Hyder and Tippu Sultan
232

Nawabs of Oudh, Bengal and the Nizam of Hyderabad
233

Sikhs
234

Chronology
235

I - FREEDOM MOVEMENT (I1-I72)
237

The Great Uprising of 1857
238

Suppression of the Uprising
240

Bahadur Shah II
239

Rani Lakshmi Bai
240

New Phase of British Rule in India
242

New Awakening: Dawn of Nationalism
243

The Brahmo Samaj
244

Arya Samaj
244

Theosophical Society
244

The Power of the Pen
245

Indian National Congress
246

The Sessions of the INC (1885-1948)
247

Partition of Bengal
253

Swadeshi Movement
254

Lai, Bal.Pal
255

Lala Lajpat Rai
255

Bal Gangadhar Tilak
255

Bipin Chandra Pal
256

Aurobindo Ghosh
256

Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata
256

Muslim League
257

Split between the Moderates and Extremists
257

Surat Split
258

Minto-Morley Reforms
258

Minor Political Parties
259

India during First World War
260

The Ghadar Party
260

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
261

Khilafat Movement
263

The Government of India Act of 1919
263

Gandhi The Legend
264

Emergence on Indian Scene
265

Tributes
267

Jawaharlal Nehru
267

Non-Co-operation Movement
268

The Swarajists
269

Dandi March – 1930
271

The First Round Table Conference
272

Gandhi-Irwin Pact
272

The Karachi Congress
273

The Second Round Table Conference
273

Communal Award
273

Lahore Session
273

Women's Strength in the National Movement
274

Subhas Chandra Bose
276

Provisional Government of Free India
278

Quit India Movement
279

12-Point Programme for Quit India
280

Letters to all Freedom Fighters
282

Notable Trials
283

INA Trials
287

Naval Mutiny
289

Cabinet Mission
290

1947 — Freedom and Partition
291

The Tryst with Destiny
293

Map of Princely states on the eve of Independence
294

Integration of Princely States
295

Communal Massacres
296

Accession of Hyderabad and Kashmir
296

Birth of the Republic
297

Preamble
298

Fundamental Rights
298

Prominent Leaders
299

Stamps of Freedom Fighters
301

National Songs
302

Statewise Representation of the Freedom Struggle
307

Sacred Places of Freedom Struggle
308

J - LIFESTYLES : VEDIC AND LATER TIMES (J1 - J16)
310

Clothes and Jewellery
311

Food and Drink
311

Pastimes
313

Marriage and Dowry
313

Sati
314

The Sahibs
316

The Maharajas
317

Jewellery
318

Jewellery : Glossary
322

Diamonds
326

K - ANCIENT CONCEPTS, SCIENCES AND SYSTEMS (K1 - K56)
327

Unique Features of India and her Contribution to Human Progress
328

Chronology of Scientific and Technological Developments
332

Ancient Indian Education
335

Astronomy
337

Indian Eras
341

Corresponding Names of Solar Months and Zodiacal Signs
342

Jyotisha (Astrology)
343

Vedic Mathematics
346

Medieval Mathematics
348

Dharma
352

Arthashastra
361

Culture, Perceptions and Attitudes to the Environment
362

Life Sciences in Ancient India
365

Agricultural Systems and Traditions
368

Chemical Practices and Alchemy
371

Yoga
374

Nature Cure
379

Honey
380

Ayurveda
381

L - COINS (LI - L8)
384

Jethavan Medallion
385

Introduction
385

The Mauryan Age
385

Post-Mauryan and Pre-Gupta Age
386

Delhi Muslim Dynasty
386

South India Coins of 10th and 11th Centuries
386

Gods and Goddesses on the Coinsof Karnataka
387

Coins of Mughals
387

Sher Shah's Rupee
388

World Largest and Heaviest Gold Coin
388

The Portuguese India Coinage
389

The Dutch Indian Coinage
389

The Danish India Coinage
389

The French India Coinage
389

The British India Coinage
390

Coins of Free India
390

Monetary System (until 1957)
391

Monetary System (1950-94)
391

Coin Societies
392

Paper Currencies
392

M - PHILATELY (Ml - M8)
393

Chronology
394

Highlights
394

East India Company — Victoria and Later Issues
395

Stamps in India
396

Postage Stamps
401

N - ARCHAEOLOGY (N1 - N32)
402

Introduction
403

History of Archaeology
403

Palaeolithic Culture
405

Upper Palaeolithic Culture
405

Palaeoclimate
407

Mesolithic Culture
407

Neolithic Culture
409

Copper/Bronze Age
410

Pre-Harappa Cultures
412

Harappa Culture (Mature)
412

Lothal
412

Kalibangan
415

Surkotada
416

Dholavira (Kotada)
416

Banawali
417

The Decipherment of the Indus Script
419

Phonetic Value of Indus Signs and the Language of the Seal-Inscriptions
420

Mathematics, Science and Technology of the Indus Civilization
421

Astronomy
422

Chemical Practices
423

Geology, Mining and Metallurgy
423

Botany and Agriculture
424

Communication of Thought
424

Late Harappa Culture
424

Rejuvenation (Devolutionary) Phase
425

Religion
425

Ochre-Coloured Pottery (OCP)
426

The Aryan Problem
426

Chalcolithic Cultures of the Deccan and Central India
426

Marine Archaeology
427

Discovery of Dwaraka
428

Modern Underwater Search Technique
429

Geophysical Survey
429

Submerged Dwaraka
430

Antiquities
430

The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972
433

O - ARCHITECTURE (Ol - 032)
435

Chronology of Classical Indian Architecture
436

Hindu Monuments
438

Buddhist Monuments
439

Islamic Monuments
439

Zoroastrian Monuments
439

Sikh Monuments
440

Jain Monuments
440

Archaeological Sites
440

The Mauryas
441

The Sungas
441

The Great Stupa
442

Gandhara
442

Mathura
443

The Guptas
444

Ellora
446

The Chalukyas
447

Halebid, Belur
448

The Pallavas
449

Vijayanagar
449

The Cholas, Pandyas
450

Orissa
450

Khajuraho
451

Jain Temples
452

Islamic Architecture
453

Mughal Architecture
454

Shah Jahan
455

Forts
456

Palaces
460

Principles of Temple Architecture
462

P - ART (PI - P24)
468

Dynasties and their contributions to Indian Art
469

Sculpture
471

Stone Sculpture
471

Metal Sculpture
472

Terracottas
473

Wood Carvings
473

Painting
474

The Art of Thankas
478

Museums and Art Galleries
479

Art Galleries
480

Collage
481

Iconography
482

Epigraphy
485

Enamelling
487

Other Arts
489

Gold and Silver Plate
489

Metal Work in Brass, Copper and Tin
489

Damascened Work
490

Pottery
490

Sandalwood and Other Wood Carvings
490

Miscellaneous Small Wares - Trinketry
491

Leather
491

Embroidery
491

Carved Ivory, Horn and Tortoise Shell
491

Carved Stone
491

Cottons
491

Silk
491

Carpets
491

Floor Painting
492

Patachitra
492

Q - HANDICRAFTS (Q1 - Q16)
493

Handloom Textiles
494

Handprinted Textiles
495

Jewellery and Gems
496

Metal Craft
497

Bidri Work
497

Wood Work
498

Embroidery
498

Zari
499

Indian Ivory
499

Method of Manufacture
500

Toys and Dolls
500

Cane, Bamboo, Grass and Reeds
500

Folk Paintings
501

Marble and Stone
501

Pottery
501

Filigree and Silverware
502

Papier-Mache
502

Musical Instruments
502

Leather
502

Location of Handicrafts
503

Locations in Alphabetic order
504

R - EDUCATION (R1 - R56)
510

Overview
511

Education from Vedic Times to the Present Day
514

Buddhist Influence
514

Study of English
517

Engineering and Medical Education
518

After Independence
519

Indianisation of Education
521

Swami Dayananda
521

Swami Vivekananda
521

Annie Besant
521

Gandhi
522

Gandhi's Views on College Education
522

Rabindranath Tagore
522

Sriniketan
524

Aurobindo Ghosh
524

J. KrishnaMurthy
525

Sri Sathya Sai Baba
525

Teaching as a Value Component
527

Ticking towards Total Literacy
529

Literacy Profile
530

Primary, Middle and Higher Secondary Education (Statistics)
531

Public Schools
534

State-wise list of Public Schools
535

Glimpses of Early Christian Missionary Influence in Education - A Case Study
536

Higher Education (Statistics)
537

Distance Education
542

Open University
542

Universities (World Ranks)
544

Largest Libraries
545

Alphabetic List of Universities (Map)
546

Names of Universities
547

National Institutes
557

Management Education in India (Map)
561

Management Education
562

Indian Education Perspective - 2001 A.D
565

S - SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (SI - S16)
567

Introduction
568

Eminent Scientists
569

Expenditure in India on S and T Activities
569

Expenditure in India on R and D
569

Percentage share in R and D Expenditure by Government and Industry
569

Central R & D Expenditure 1990-91
569

National R & D Expenditure by objectives 1990-91
569

Space Centres and Units in India (Map)
570

R & D Institutions under Central Government
571

Expenditure on Research and Development by major Scientific Agencies under the Central Government
571

National Expenditure on Research & Development by Sector
571

R & D Expenditure by Central Ministries/Departments
572

Expenditure on R & D by State Governments
572

External Assistance for Science and Technology Programmes received by India during 1987 from various sources
572

Scientific Organisations
573

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
573

Indian Council of Agricultural Research
573

Indian Council of Medical Research
574

All India Institute of Medical Sciences
574

National Institute of Health and Family Welfare
575

National Immunisation Mission, 1985-90 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
575

Department of Atomic Energy
575

Department of Electronics
576

Department of Science and Technology
576

Department of Space
576

Major Landmarks in Space
578

Department of Environment
578

Department of Ocean Development
578

Department of Biotechnology
578

Consultancy Engineering
579

ICMR Permanent Institutes and Centres
579

ICMR Centres for Advanced Research
579

Astronomy and Astrophysics
580

Science & Technology — Post-liberalization Era
581

Chronology
582

T - MUSIC (T1 - T32)
584

Introduction
585

Raga - Melody
586

Classification of Ragas by Narada
586

Rhythm
587

Historical Periods
589

Jayadeva
590

Tansen
590

Purandaradasa
591

Haridas
591

Sadarang
591

Kshettragnya
591

Trinity
592

Devotional Music
594

Folk and Traditional Music
595

K.L. Saigal
596

Lata Mangeshkar
596

Hindustani and Karnatak Music
597

Light Classical Forms
597

Closely Allied and Similar Ragas
598

Navarasas
599

The 12 Notes of the Gamut
600

Janaka Raaga Swara Saarineee
600

The Panns of Dravidian Music
600

Karnatic Vocalists
601

Hindustani Musicians
602

Instruments
603

Shruthi
603

Solids
603

Wind Instruments
604

Shehnai
605

Flute
605

Stringed Instruments
606

Sitar
607

Sarod
607

Veena
608

Gottuvadyam
608

Violin
608

Sarangi
609

Percussion
609

Tabla
609

Idiophones
610

Musical Events of Historical Importance
612

Chronological Table of Composers and Musicians
614

U - DANCE (U1 - U16)
617

Dance In India
618

Origin
618

Treatises and Texts on Dance
618

The Fourfold Division of Abhinaya
619

Styles of Classical Dance
619

Bharatanatyam
619

Kuchipudi
620

Kathakali
620

Kathak
621

Manipuri
622

Lai Harouba
622

Odissi
622

Mohiniattam
623

Yakshagana
623

Chhau
624

Satria Dance of Assam
624

Folk Dances
624

Ballet — Dance Drama
625

Contemporary Exponents
625

The Western Pioneers
625

Karanas—Cosmic Shiva 108 Bharatha Poses
626

Dance Glossary
633

V - FESTIVALS AND FAIRS (V1-V8)
634

Introduction
635

North India
635

Central India
635

West India
636

South India
637

East India
638

Calendar of Festivals and Fairs
639

Festivals and Fairs
641

Vows and Observations
642

One-day Fast
642

W - SPORTS (W1-W32)
643

Overview
644

Aero Racing
644

Aero Sports
645

Archery
645

Athletics
645

Badminton
647

Ball Badminton
648

Baseball
648

Basketball
649

Baazigar or Indian Acrobatics
649

Billiards
650

Body Building
650

Bowling
651

Boxing
651

Canoeing
652

Carrom
652

Chess
652

Cricket
653

Women's Cricket
655

Cycling
655

Dice
656

Equestrian
656

Football
656

Women's Football
657

Ganjifa
658

Gillidanda
658

Golf
658

Gymnastics
659

Handball
659

Hockey
659

Judo
660

Kabaddi
661

Kho-Kho
662

Laggorie
663

Mallakhamb
663

Netball
663

Polo
664

Power Lifting
664

Roller Skating
664

Rowing
664

Shooting
665

Snooker
665

Softball
666

Squash
666

Swimming and Water Polo
666

Table Tennis
668

Tennikoit
668

Tennis
669

Triathlon
670

Volleyball
670

Weightlifting
671

Wrestling
671

Yachting
672

Other Indigenous Sports
672

Addressess of National Sports Federations
674

X - A GREAT DESTINATION (X1-X112)
676

Why India as a Tourist Destination
677

The Diversity of India
679

Early Travellers
681

Fa-Hien
682

Hiuen-Tsang
682

I-Tsing
683

Al-Biruni
683

Palace on Wheels
684

Splendours
685

Full Moon Dates for the Year 1995
691

Best Time
692

Tourist Hints
694

Main Tourist Centres
696

Pilgrim Centres
700

Tourist Attractions
703

Andhra Pradesh
703

Arunachal Pradesh
704

Assam
704

Bihar
704

Goa
705

Gujarat
706

Haryana
709

Himachal Pradesh
710

Jammu and Kashmir
710

Karnataka
712

Kerala
715

Madhya Pradesh
715

Maharashtra
716

Manipur
717

Meghalaya
718

Mizoram
718

Nagaland
718

Orissa
718

Punjab
719

Rajasthan
719

Sikkim
720

Tamil Nadu
720

Tripura
721

Uttar Pradesh
721

West Bengal
722

Union Territories
723

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
723

Chandigarh
724

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
724

Daman and Diu
724

Delhi
724

Lakshadweep
725

Pondicherry
726

Road Routes (Map)
727

National Highways
728

Circuits
730

Airports (Map)
732

Rail Routes (Map)
734

Helpful Hints
735

National Museum
740

National Parks
754

National Parks (Map)
755

Wild Life (Animals)
756

Sanctuaries (Birds)
763

Angling
764

Adventure Sports and Trekking
765

Hill Stations
769

Beaches of India
776

Golf
778

Turf
780

The Cuisines of India
782

Shopping Guide
784

Tourist Offices
786

Y - LUMINARIES (Y1 - Y16)
789

Raja Ram Mohan Roy
790

Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
790

Swami Dayanand
790

Dadhabhai Naorji
790

Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata
791

Mahadev Govind Ranade
791

Annie Besant
791

Surendranath Banerjee
791

Bal Gangadhar Tilak
791

Bipin Chandra Pal
792

Jagadish Chandra Bose
792

M. Visveswaraya
792

Prafulla Chandra Ray
793

Rabindranath Tagore
793

Lala Lajpat Rai
793

Gopal Krishna Gokhale
794

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
794

Chittaranjan Das
794

Sri Aurobindo Ghosh
794

Kumaran Asan
795

Muhammad Iqbal
795

Sardar Vallabhai Patel
795

Sri Tej Bahadur Sapru
796

Muhammed Ali Jinnah
796

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari
796

Mother (Mirra Richards)
796

Muhammad Ali
796

SarojiniNaidu
797

Subramania Bharati
797

Rajendra Prasad
797

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
798

K. M. Munshi
798

Madan Lai Dingra
798

Manabendra Nath Roy
798

Srinivasa Ramanujan
798

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
799

Sir Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman
799

Jawaharlal Nehru
799

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
799

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
800

John Burdon Sanderson Haldane
800

Meghnad Saha
800

Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis
801

Rafi Ahmad Kidwai
801

Satyendra Nath Bose
801

Morarji Desai
802

Subhas Chandra Bose
802

Zakir Husain
802

Udham Singh
803

Jayaprakash Narayan
803

J.R.D. Tata
803

Lai Bahadur Shastri
803

Chandra Shekhar Azad
804

Bhagat Singh
804

Homi Jahangir Bhabha
804

Mother Teresa
805

Subramanya Chandrasekhar
805

Indira Gandhi
805

Satyajit Ray
805

Z - WISDOM OF INDIA(Z1-Z16)
806

From the Acaranga Sutra (The Jain Book of Good Conduct)
807

From the Naladinannurru (The Four Hundred Quatrains, Tamil Classic)
807

From the Samyutta Nikaya of Buddhism
807

From the Majjihima Nikaya of Buddhism
807

From the Milindapanha (Questions of King Menander)
808

From the first separate Kalinga Edict of Ashoka
808

From the ninth rock edict of Ashoka
808

From the seventh pillar edict of Ashoka
809

From Kautilya's Artha Sastra
809

From the Bhagavad Gita (the Song of the Lord)
810

From the Sayings of Basaveswara
810

From Tagore, Songs of Kabir
810

From Abdul Fazl, Ain-i-Akbarii
811

From the Teachings of Guru Nanak
811

From the Sayings of Guru Gobind Singh
811

From the Travels of Mirza Abu Taleb Khan
812

From the poems of Henry Derozio
812

From Raja Ram Mohan Roy's Translation of an abridgement of the Vedant.
813

From the Teachings of Sri Ramakrishna
814

From the Complete Works of the Swami Vivekananda
814

From the Complete Works of the Swami Vivekananda(letter to the Maharajah of Mysore written in 1894from Chicago)
815

From the Essays, Speeches, Addresses and Writings of the Honourable Dadabhai Naoroji
816

From Iqbal, The Secrets of the Self
816

From Tagore "The Call of Truth"
817

From Gandhi, Young India
818

From Nehru, Independence and After, speech in the Constituent Assembly in 1946 as it prepared to adopt its basic declaration of objectives
818

From M.N. Roy India's Message
819

From M.N. Roy New Humanism
821

From Bhave Communism and Sarvodaya
821

From Ramabhai Vinoba and His Mission
822