WISDOM OF INDIA
ETERNAL
INDIA
encyclopedia
blood, and the earth is not troubled or repelled or disgusted, and as you
grow like the earth no contacts with pleasant or unpleasant will lay hold
of your mind or stick to it.
"Similarly you should develop a state of mind like water, for men
throw all sorts of clean and unclean things into water and it is not
troubled or repelled or disgusted. And similarly with fire which burns
all things, clean and unclean, and with air, which blows upon them all,
and with space, which is nowhere established.
"Develop the state of mind of friendliness, Rahula, for, as you do
so, ill-will will grow less; and of compassion, for thus vexation will
grow less; and of joy, for thus aversion will grow less; and of equanim-
ity, for thus repugnance will grow less.
"Develop the state of mind of consciousness of the corruption of the
body, for thus passion will grow less; and of the consciousness of the
fleeting nature of all things, for thus the pride of selfhood will grow less.
"Develop the state of mind of ordering the breath,... in which the
monk goes to the forest or to the root of a tree or to an empty house and
sits cross-legged with body erect, collected in thought. Fully mindful
he inhales and exhales. When he inhales or exhales a long breath he
knows precisely that he is doing so, and similarly when inhaling or
exhaling a short breath. While inhaling or exhaling he trains himself to
be conscious of the whole of his body,...to be fully conscious of the
components of hi s mind,.. .to realise the impermanence of all things,...
or to dwell on passionlessness... or renunciation. Thus the state of
ordered breathing, when developed and increased, is very productive
and helpful. And when the mind is thus developed a man breathes his
last breath in full consciousness, and not unconsciously."
Majjhima Nikaya
(of Buddhism)
The Lord laid down the following subjects for meditation; the ideas
of impermanence, of the non-existence of an enduring self, of the im-
purity and of the wretchedness of life, of ridding oneself of evil
tendencies, of passionlessness, of stopping the influx of evil tendencies,
of dissatisfaction with all things in the world, of the impermanence of
all conditioned things, of mindful control of breath, of the corpse in dis-
integration, of the execution of criminals with all its horrors; the ideas
of friendliness, of compassion, of joy, of equanimity, the thought of
death, and mindfulness of the body.... Whoever wishes to be free from
age and death takes one of these as a subject for meditation, and thus he
is set free from passion, hatred, and dullness, from pride and from false
views; he crosses the ocean of rebirth, dams the torrent of his cravings,
is washed clean of the threefold stain [of passion, hatred, and dullness],
and destroys all evil within him. So he enters the glorious city of Nir-
vana, stainless and undefiled, pure and white, imaging, deathless, se-
cure and calm and happy, and his mind is emancipated as a perfected
being.
Milindapanha (Questions of King Menander)
By order of the Beloved of the Gods. Addressed to the officers in
charge of Tosali....Let us win the affection of all men. All men are my
children, and as I wish all welfare and happiness in this world and the
next for my own children, so do I wish it for all men. But you do not
realise what this entails - here and there an officer may understand in
part, but not entirely.
Often a man is imprisoned and tortured unjustly, and then he is lib-
erated for no (apparent) reason. Many others suffer also (as a result of
this injustice). Therefore it is desirable that you should practise
impartiality, but it cannot be attained if you are inclined to habits of
jealousy, irritability, harshness, hastiness, obstinacy, laziness or lassi-
tude. I desire you not to have these habits. The basis of all this is the con-
stant avoidance of irritability and hastiness in your business....
This inscription has been engraved in order that the officials of the
city should always see to it that no one is ever imprisoned or tortured
without good cause. To ensure this I shall send out every five years on
a tour of inspection officers who are not fierce or harsh.... the prince at
Ujjain shall do the same not more than every three years, and likewise
at Taxila.
From
the first separate Kalinga edict of Ashoka
People perform various, ceremonies, at the marriage of sons and
daughters, at the birth of children, when going on a journey... or on other
occasions... On such occasions women especially perform many cere-
monies which are various, futile, and useless. Even when they have to
be done (to conform to custom and keep up appearances) such ceremo-
nies are of little use. But the ceremonies of Righteousness are of great
profit — these are the good treatment of slaves and servants, respect for
elders, self-mastery in one's relations with living beings, gifts to Brah-
mans and ascetics, and so on. But for their success everyone—fathers,
mothers, brothers, masters, friends, acquaintances, and neighbours
must agree - "These are good! These are ceremonies that we should
perform for success in our undertakings... and when we have succeeded
we will perform them again!" Other ceremonies are of doubtful value
-
one may achieve one's end through them or one may not. Moreover
they are only of value in this world, while the value of the ceremonies
of Righteousness is eternal, for even if one does not achieve one's end
in this world one stores up boundless merit in the other, while if one
achieves one's end in this world the gain is double.
From
the ninth rock edict of Ashoka
In the past kings sought to make the people progress in Righteous-
ness but they did not progress.... And I asked myself how I might uplift
them through progress in Righteousness.... Thus I decided to have them
instructed in Righteousness, and to issue ordinances of Righteousness,
so that by hearing them the people might conform, advance in the prog-
ress of Righteousness, and themselves make great progress.... For that
purpose many officials are employed among the people to instruct them
in Righteousness and to explain it to them....
Moreover I have had banyan trees planted on the roads to give shade
to man and beast; I have planted mango groves, and I have had ponds
dug and shelters erected along the roads at every eight kos. Everywhere
I have had wells dug for the benefit of man and beast. But this benefit
is but small, for in many ways the kings of olden time have worked for
the welfare of the world; but what I have done has been that men may
conform to Righteousness.