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Intra-fractional stability
Study
Immobilization
system
Imaging modality
Intrafractional error
3D vector
Boda-Heggemann
2006
Thermoplastic masks
Scotch cast mask
Cone-beam CT
1.8mm
±
0.7mm
1.3mm
±
1.4mm
Masi 2008
Thermoplastic mask & Bite block
Bite-block
Cone-beam CT
< 1mm
< 1mm
Lamda 2009
BrainLab mask
Orthogonal x-rays
0.5mm
±
0.3mm
Ramakrishna 2010
BrainLab mask
Orthogonal x-rays
0.7mm
±
0.5mm
Guckenberger
Scotch cast mask
Thermoplastic masks
Cone-beam CT
0.8mm
±
0.4mm
0.8mm
±
0.5mm
Intra-fractional uncertainties in frame-less IGRT
Intra-fractional uncertainties of ~ 1mm need to be
considered in non-invasive frame-less IGRT