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CYIL 7 ȍ2016Ȏ
IMMUNITY OF STATE OFFICIALS FROM FOREIGN CRIMINAL JURISDICTION
na případy „úředních zločinů“ spáchaných na území státu, který by měl uplatnit
svou jurisdikci nad takovýmto zločinem, a různým variantám právní argumentace,
na níž by takováto „teritoriální“ výjimka z imunity mohla být založena. Krátce jsou
zmíněny též některé další aspekty tohoto tématu, konkrétně (ne)existence výjimek
z imunity
ratione personae
státních úředníků, a otázka, zda obyčejová imunita
ra-
tione materiae
na jedné straně a smluvní režim této imunity na straně druhé jsou
součástí jednotného režimu nebo zda se tyto typy imunity
ratione materiae
odlišují.
Závěr je věnován vztahu mezi imunitou
ratione materiae
a pravidly upravujícími
přičitatelnost chování státu podle mezinárodního práva jakožto kritériu pro rozlišo-
vání mezi „úředním“ a „soukromým“ jednáním státních úředníků.
Key words
: immunity
ratione materiae
; immunity
ratione personae
; universal
jurisdiction; territorial exception; attribution of conduct to a state under international
law.
On the Author: JUDr. Pavel Caban, Ph.D.
(*1976) graduated from the Faculty of
Law of Charles University in Prague (1999), where he also received his Ph.D. (2006)
and externally taught public international law (2006–2009). He is an employee of
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic: from 2000 to 2009 he worked
at the International Law Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; from 2009
to 2013 he was posted in the Embassy of the Czech Republic in the Kingdom of
the Netherlands; since then he has been working again at the International Law
Department of the MFA CR.
1. Introduction
In the last decades, the immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction
became a topic of significant importance in the theory of international criminal law,
as well as in the practice of states. The increased attention to this topic is connected
with efforts to limit impunity for gross violations of human rights and international
humanitarian law and prosecute these violations before foreign courts. Having regard
to these trends and efforts, in 2007 the International Law Commission included the
topic “Immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction” in its agenda
with the aim to prepare a set of draft articles with commentaries; the discussions in
the Commission on the topic are underway.
Perhaps the most disputed and the most interesting issue within this topic seems
to be the existence of possible exceptions, and the scope of such exceptions, to
immunity
ratione materiae
of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction,
i.e.
exceptions to functional immunity which exempts State officials from foreign
jurisdiction with regard to acts performed by them in their official capacity. The aim
of this article is to focus on concepts and arguments supporting the existence of the