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Eastern Caspian

49

Environment and Security

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and Tishukuduk villages will occur unless ad-

equate action is taken. Kazakhstan’s Institute

of Geography, funded by the Mangystau local

authorities, is implementing a pilot project

to stabilize the sand dune at Senek (NESSD

2006; Akianova 2006; ENVSEC 2006a).

Local authorities have also received in-

creased financial means that should allow

them to respond more effectively to en-

vironmental degradation. For example in

2005 the local budgets of Atyrau and Man-

gystau received US$30 million (3.65 billion

KZT) and US$7 million (0.76 billion KZT) re-

spectively in compensation for environmen-

tal damage

53

. However, questions remain on

how effectively local environmental funds

are spent since only 10–20% of all the funds

were allocated to environmental remedia-

tion, monitoring and/or preventive activities.

In the same year environmental expenditure

by industry amounted to 29.4 billion KZT

and 13.1 billion KZT in Atyrau and Man-

gystau respectively (NESSD 2006). At the

same time expenditures on project activi-

ties under the Caspian Environmental Pro-

gramme amounted to almost US$30 million

by 2007.

Despite the fact that these and other

measures should help minimize pollution

risks and remediate the consequences in

the case of historical pollution, there are

still areas in which international experience

may be of use to states in the Caspian Sea

region. These areas include the assess-

ment and mapping of ecologically sensi-

tive areas on the sea and in coastal zones,

continuous monitoring of oil pollution,

transfer of experience and best practice in

the remediation of historical land-based oil

pollution and development of action plans

to reduce contamination of transboundary

waters, such as the Ural river or Turkmen-

bashy gulf.

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