![Show Menu](styles/mobile-menu.png)
![Page Background](./../common/page-substrates/page0049.png)
Eastern Caspian
49
Environment and Security
��������������������������
�������������
�����������������������
��
����
��
��
��
��
��
�
�
��������������������������������
�������������������������
�����������������������������
��������������
���� ���� ���� ����
��������������������
and Tishukuduk villages will occur unless ad-
equate action is taken. Kazakhstan’s Institute
of Geography, funded by the Mangystau local
authorities, is implementing a pilot project
to stabilize the sand dune at Senek (NESSD
2006; Akianova 2006; ENVSEC 2006a).
Local authorities have also received in-
creased financial means that should allow
them to respond more effectively to en-
vironmental degradation. For example in
2005 the local budgets of Atyrau and Man-
gystau received US$30 million (3.65 billion
KZT) and US$7 million (0.76 billion KZT) re-
spectively in compensation for environmen-
tal damage
53
. However, questions remain on
how effectively local environmental funds
are spent since only 10–20% of all the funds
were allocated to environmental remedia-
tion, monitoring and/or preventive activities.
In the same year environmental expenditure
by industry amounted to 29.4 billion KZT
and 13.1 billion KZT in Atyrau and Man-
gystau respectively (NESSD 2006). At the
same time expenditures on project activi-
ties under the Caspian Environmental Pro-
gramme amounted to almost US$30 million
by 2007.
Despite the fact that these and other
measures should help minimize pollution
risks and remediate the consequences in
the case of historical pollution, there are
still areas in which international experience
may be of use to states in the Caspian Sea
region. These areas include the assess-
ment and mapping of ecologically sensi-
tive areas on the sea and in coastal zones,
continuous monitoring of oil pollution,
transfer of experience and best practice in
the remediation of historical land-based oil
pollution and development of action plans
to reduce contamination of transboundary
waters, such as the Ural river or Turkmen-
bashy gulf.
���������
�������
���������
������
�����
�����
�
��
�����
�������
����������
�����
��������������
�������������������������������
�����������
���������������������������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������
���������
�������������� ��������
��������
����
�����
����������������
��������������������������������������
�����������������������
����������������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������
����������������
��������
�������������
������������������������������