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Front Cover
1

Contents
5

Hinterkaspien
6

Introduction and executive summary
7

The Caspian region
13

Overview
15

Recent transitions
18

Striving for energy security
20

An area of geopolitical importance
25

Changing livelihoods in the eastern Caspian region
29

Natural capital, energy resources, and wealth distribution
30

New opportunities or a gloomy outlook?
34

Environmental degradation and security
41

Environmental consequences of oil and gas development
42

Legacy of the military-industrial complex
50

Freshwater
55

Marine resources and biodiversity
58

Fluctuating sea level and natural hazards
62

Conclusions
67

Conclusions and recommendations
67

Possible actions under the Environment and Security Initiative
72

Annex
73

Bibliography and references
74

Endnotes
82

Back Cover
88