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Eastern Caspian
Environment and Security
The case of the
Eastern Caspian Region
Environment and Security
Transforming risks into cooperation
Contents
Hinterkaspien Introduction and executive summary The Caspian region Overview Recent transitions Striving for energy security An area of geopolitical importance Changing livelihoods in the eastern Caspian region Natural capital, energy resources, and wealth distribution New opportunities or a gloomy outlook? Environmental degradation and security Environmental consequences of oil and gas development Legacy of the military-industrial complex Freshwater Marine resources and biodiversity Fluctuating sea level and natural hazards Conclusions Conclusions and recommendations Possible actions under the Environment and Security Initiative Annex Bibliography and references Endnotes 6 7 13 15 18 21 25 29 30 34 41 42 50 55 58 62 67 68 72 73 74 82