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Environment and Security 82
1. The ten thematic centres stopped operating with the
cessation of the TACIS.
2. Quoted from the speech given by Professor Ole Dan-
bolt Mjøs, Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Commit-
tee at the occasion of the 2007 Peace Prize; accessed
at
2007/presentation-speech.html.
3. The next phase of implementation of the Caspian
Environmental Programme in 2008-2011 will primarily
focus on aquatic bioresources and fisheries, invasive
species management, marine protected areas and
spawning grounds, improving coastal communities
livelihoods.
4. The original version of the new Kazak Ecological
Code can be accessed at
lawyer/?uid=5CC242A5-B708-4A51-B52D-1BE3EC93
F26F&language=rus&doc_id=30085593&page=0.
5. The annual mean precipitation in the region is 150-
200 mm of rain.
6. Atyrau province: 390 000 people for 166 000 sq
km; Mangystau province: 480 000 people for 119 000
sq km.
7. Sources: Great Soviet Encyclopaedia, Agency of the
Republic of Kazakhstan on statistics.
8. 569 000 people as of 1 January 2006 with an increase
of 15% on 2002.
9. Khan Imran, “Central Asia: Energy pipelines or eco-
nomic lifelines?” Alexander Gas & Oil Connections,
11(1), January 12 2006; Knight Robin, “Is the Caspian
an oil El Dorado? “Time Magazine, International edition,
151(26):28, 29 June 1998; Bruce Nelan, “Caspian black
gold”, Time Magazine, International edition, 26(26), 29
June 1998.
10. In the 19th century the region was associated with
the Nobel brothers, the Rothschilds, Henri Deterding of
Royal Dutch, and Marcus Samuel of Shell who were in-
volved in the start of the oil industry in the region.
11. By 1940 Baku was delivering over 70% of Soviet
oil, continuing throughout World War II. As production
in the onshore fields declined, offshore extraction was
developed. Most of Azerbaijan’s oil is now extracted
offshore.
12. “Modernization of the gas pipeline Central Asia –
Centre”, source
46296; “Caspian gas to run within Central Asia-Center
corridor”, 11.05.2007, source Itar-Tass (www.itar-tass.
com).
13. “Russia seals Central Asian gas pipeline deal”, ac-
cessed at
14. The case of the BTC pipeline is rather controversial
as the US$4 billion project may not be economically vi-
able unless Kazakh oil can be added to the Azerbaijani
oil transported by the pipeline (Ebel and Menon, 2000).
The controversy stems from the fact that many think the
project was politically motivated, some foreign policy-
makers being keen to support east-west energy trans-
port routes that bypass the territory of Iran and Russia.
15. The Memorandum was signed by the participant
companies in the Tengiz-Chevroil consortium, those in
the KCO consortium, and Kazakhstan’s national oil and
gas company KazMunayGaz (Interfax, 24 January).
16. “Russia, Kazakhstan agree to double CPC through-
put capacity”. RFE/RL NEWSLINE Vol. 12, No. 87, Part
I, 9 May 2008.
17. On 26 July Turkey, Italy and Greece signed an inter-
governmental agreement to build a US$1.36 billion
natural gas pipeline that will connect Azerbaijan’s Shah
Deniz gas field to Italy via Turkey and the Adriatic (Cor-
riere Della Sera, 26 July). The Turkey-Greece-Italy (TGI)
pipeline has a projected annual capacity of 11.5 billion
cu m of natural gas. The pipeline should be completed
in 2012. (Eurasia Daily Monitor, volume 4, issue 151 ac-
cessed at
article_id=2372345).
18. The European Union currently imports 45% of
its oil from the Middle East and 40% of its gas from
Russia (30% Algeria, 25% Norway). By 2030, the EU
estimates that 90% of its oil consumption will have
to be covered by imports, with over 60% of EU gas
imports expected to come from Russia with overall
external gas dependence expected to reach 80%.
Source
index.htm.
19. Turkey and Ukraine play such a role on the Western
routes. See for example the articles published by Eura-
sianet: Igor Torbakov, “Turkey stands to benefit from
Caspian basin energy competition”, published on 17
February 2006.
20. For a detailed discussion on the issue of militariza-
tion of the Caspian Sea see Katlik M. (2004), “Militarisa-
tion of the Caspian Sea”, in Akiner, (2004).
Endnotes