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Environment and Security 84
30. Kazakhstan plans to increase gas production in the
Caspian Sea region from today’s 29.6 billion cu m in
2007 to 114 billion cu m in 2020 (KazMunaiGaz).
31. Both provinces have large marine terminals; Man-
gystau is investing in modernizing its existing ports and
building large new ports.
32. In certain cases, the existence of valuable natural
resources can encourage political entrepreneurs to
secede or seize areas as a means of controlling their
revenue streams, which is sometimes called the “honey
pot” effect (de Soysa, 2000).
33. Sources: UNICEF 2004; CEP 2006 a; Turkmenmillii-
hasabat - National statistics of Turkmenistan: data for
1991-2005.
34. Sources: Chulanova, 2007 and Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic
of Kazakhstan 2001; Agency of the Republic of Kaza-
khstan on statistics. Online data:
RU/Pages/default.aspx).
35. Sources: Chulanova, 2007 and Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment Protection of the Republic
of Kazakhstan 2001; Agency of the Republic of Kaza-
khstan on statistics. (Online data:
RU/Pages/default.aspx).
36. This is especially the case when perceived differences
of treatment and salary between local and foreign work-
ers can foster discontent and even spark clashes. Some
observers consider the incidents in October 2006 at the
Tengiz oilfieldwhere clashes erupted between Kazakh and
foreign oil workers (mostly Turks and Filipino) an example
of this situation. See Joanna Lillis, “Oilfield Brawl Dents
Kazakhstan’s Image”, Eurasianet article accessed on 21
November 2006. In June 2008 nearly 600 workers of the
Italian ENI oil company operating in the Balkan velayat of
Turkmenistan went on strike when salaries suddenly lost
50% of their value after the levelling of the official and
market exchange rates for the local currency (the Manat)
to the foreign currency. Sixty-two workers were arrested
when troops from the Ministry of Interior intervened to
end the strike. Source: .
37. Chulanova (2007: 15) reports also that in the Atyrau
province, there is a ninefold wage gap between the oil-ex-
tracting region of Zhylyojskiy and the rural Mahambetskiy.
38. Compared to the 18% of the average poverty level in
Kazakhstan in 2007; 9,608 KZ Tenge was the average per
capita subsistence minimum in Kazakhstan in July 2007.
39. Data for 2002.
40. For more detailed analysis read: Kurmanova A.,
and Disenova M. (2007). “Kazakhstan: The wealth for
the few. Problems of equitable distribution of oil re-
sources”. Economic Strategy Institute - Central Asia
2007. Available on-line:
id=73&article_id=73.
41. Associated Press (AP). 22 July 2007. Energy-rich
Turkmenistan wants foreign investment for Caspian Sea
resort. On-line:
22/asia/AS-GEN-Turkmenistan-Tourism.php.
42. Quoted from the article “On the coast of grey Hazar”
43. The levelling of household income across the re-
gions is reflected in the narrowing gap between the
highest and lowest incomes – from 60% in 1998 to
17.5% in 2003 (UNICEF 2004).
44. Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh
SSR “On declaring protected zone in the northern part
of the Caspian Sea”, 30 April 1974 - 252 (amended by
the Decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic
of Kazakhstan 23 September 1993 - 936). Decision of
the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan
“On the formation and development of hydrocarbon
deposits in the Kazakh part of the Caspian Sea”, 13
February 1993, 97.
45. Ak Zhayk Newspaper Atyrau, 15 January 2008.
“Kazakhstan once again forced foreigners to share
Kashagan”. Available at:
zakhstan-vnov-zastavil-inostrancev.html Official infor-
mation is available from Kazmunaigaz .
kz).
46. Ak Zhayk Newspaper Atyrau, 22 November 2007.
“How to use sulphur milliards?” Available at: http://azh.
kz/2007/11/22/kak-ispolzovat-sernye-milliardy.html.
47. Ak Zhayk Newspaper Atyrau, 22 November 2007.
“Sulphur storage at Tengiz is unsafe”. Available at:
ezopasny.html.
48. Discussions during the regional ENVSEC consul-
tations held in Ashgabad, Turkmenistan, September
2007.
49. In April 2007 Turkmenistan’s President announced
plans to invest US$1 billion to build a major tourist re-
sort on the Caspian Sea (at Avaza).
50. The declaration by the Kazakh President Nursultan
Nazarbayev concerning the construction of a transport