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NONǧTRADITIONAL NORMS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW
the appropriate use of private regulation. These findings leave TPR students with
a daunting challenge to revise current theories.
4. Four theoretical approaches and their relation to one another
Legal scholarship is progressively attempting to embrace the changes taking place
in global governance structures and the developments in transnational administrative
processes resulting from these. The four theories discussed above, first, aim to order
transnational regulatory processes. In a second phase, all of them have examined
questions concerning how to keep these activities legitimate, accountable, and
democratic. Since the methodologies introduced are relatively new, research is
still ongoing. Not all issues have been tackled in sufficient detail and considerable
differences are to be discerned: problems are framed differently and, consequently,
so are the proposed solutions. The awakening of legal scholarship has not resulted
in a ready-made, let alone be a one-size-fits-all framework for all non-traditional
lawmaking. Rather, the scholarship has been explanatory and has proposed guidelines
in a dispersed manner. It is high time that the various approaches start interacting
more thoroughly with each other and that the respective merits and limitations
of each of them be critically assessed. Without any attempt at completeness, it is
worthwhile to point to a number of significant (dis)similarities with regard to scope
of research, the stance vis-à-vis PIL, and accountability questions.
First, with regard to the scope, each of the methodologies appears to have
a particular focus: IN-LAW concentrates on public and informal international norms,
GAL on public and private global administrative norms, IPA on public and private
norms through which public authority is exercised, and TPR on regulatory initiatives
of private actors. This culminates in clear distinctions. IPA and GAL share an interest
in both formal and informal lawmaking at the international level. GAL and IN-
LAW both employ multiple axes (output, actors, and processes) to determine global
governance activities. Conversely, IPA emphasizes the output of global governance
activities whereas the public or private nature of an actor is a determining criterion in
the TPR scheme. Across the methodologies, the central research question is to what
extent output unilaterally can influence individual behaviour, regardless its legally
binding force.
Second, the relationship of the four discussed theories with PIL and sources
doctrine remains complicated. GAL and IPA have a clear mission to integrate law
in the study on non-traditional norms, although their focus is on different bodies of
law (respectively administrative law and general public law). Whereas GAL stresses
the features of transnational policy-making that resemble administrative law, IPA,
conversely, considers the impact of global governance activities (authority) more
important than their design. In other words, in IPA the ‘concept of law is dissociated
from and complimented by, a concept of international public authority’.
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When
comparing a third theory, IN-LAW, disagreements are even clearer. IN-LAW
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Goldmann, op. cit. 43, p. 338.