2188-2189 / 3107
Tumor initiation
Genetic (Mutational)
Irreversible
DNA damage in
critical gene(s)
Environmental carcinogens
Spontaneous mutations
Inherent error rate in DNA replication or repair
Epigenetic (No mutational)
Modulation of
DNA expression
Addition of a methyl group to CpG dinucleotides
Removal of acetyl groups from histone tails