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“….as expected, the deviations within unit-

density volumes are small while deviations

in low-density volumes increase with

increasing beam energy from

approximately 3% for 4 MV to 14% for 18 MV

x-rays as a result of increased electron

disequilibrium.”

“This illustrate that the pencil-beammodel

does not handle changes in scatter from

lateral heterogeneities”.

Kn

öö

s et al. Phys Med

Biol. 40:1411-20, 1995.

Analytical methods, photon beam calculation