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D
w
=
w
(S/
)
c,w
Dose in a point P in water:
w
= secondary electron fluence [electrons / m
2
]
S
c,w
= restricted collision stopping power
= dE/dx, energy loss electrons per meter travelled
(excl.
-rays, and brehmstrahlung)
- known as function of electron energy, medium
(calculations, measurements)
w
= density of water [kg/m
3
]
w
water
P
Intermezzo to introduce ionometric standards (I)