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Initiators = Carcinogens
Agent
Cancer
Viruses
HTLV-1 & HTLV-2
HIV
Hepadnaviruses
HPV
EBV
KSHV
Leukemia (ATL)
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Hepatocellular ca.
Cervical ca. (…)
Burkitt’s lymph. – NPC
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Chemicals
Tobacco
Lung, Bladder, HN
Physical
X-rays
UV light
Asbestos
Sarcomas, Breast (…)
Skin
Mesothelioma
Inflammation
Oesophagus, Gastric
Dietary factors
??
Carcinogenic substances either
• trigger oncogenes (genes that cause cells to grow out of control) or
• hinder the activity of tumor suppressor genes (genes that regulate a
multitude of processes to work against cancerous cell growth)