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External variable
When and where
Effect
*VUZVSPKH[PVU
X
=PIYH[PVU ;HWWPUN
X
0UJYLHZL PU WHY[PJSL WYLZZ\YL JVU[HJ[ HYLH HUK
X
+PYLJ[ WYLZZ\YL
U\TILY VM JVU[HJ[ WVPU[Z
OVWWLY 0)* RLN
X
9LK\J[PVU PU HPY JVU[LU[ IL[^LLU WHY[PJSLZ
YLK\JLK WVYVZP[`
(LYH[PVU
X
.YH]P[` KPZJOHYNL
X
9LK\J[PVU PU WHY[PJSL WYLZZ\YL JVU[HJ[ HYLH
X
)SLUKPUN
HUK U\TILY VM JVU[HJ[ WVPU[Z
X
7UL\TH[PJ JVU]L`PUN
X
0UJYLHZL PU HPY JVU[LU[ IL[^LLU WHY[PJSLZ
X
(LYVZVSPZH[PVU
PUJYLHZLK WVYVZP[`
-SV^ ZOLHY YH[L
X
>P[OPU WV^KLY
X
4VZ[S` UVU 5L^[VUPHU
X
7V^KLY HNHPUZ[ LX\PWTLU[ ^HSS
X
.YLH[LY YLZPZ[HUJL [V ÅV^ H[ SV^LY ÅV^ YH[LZ
X
4P_PUN
4VPZ[\YL
X
:[VYHNL
X
0UJYLHZL WHY[PJSL HKOLZPVU
X
7YVJLZZPUN
X
9LK\JLZ WHY[PJSL Z[PMMULZZ TVYL JVTWSPHU[ I\[
X
0U[LU[PVUHSS` PU[YVK\JLK
PUJYLHZLK JVU[HJ[ Z\YMHJL HYLH
NYHU\SH[PVU
X
0UJYLHZL LSLJ[YPJHS JVUK\J[P]P[`
,SLJ[YVZ[H[PJ JOHYNL
X
+PZJOHYNL MYVT OVWWLY
X
0UJYLHZL IVUK Z[YLUN[O IL[^LLU WHY[PJSLZ
X
7UL\TH[PJ JVU]L`PUN
X
(KOLZPVU VM WV^KLY [V LX\PWTLU[
X
/PNO ZOLHY TP_PUN
:[VYHNL [PTL
X
9H^ TH[LYPHSZ 0U[LYTLKPH[LZ
X
*VUZVSPKH[PVU
X
*HRPUN
X
7LYTHULU[S` HMMLJ[PUN KV^UZ[YLHT
WLYMVYTHUJL&
Process diversity
;OL UH[\YL VM HSS WYVJLZZPUN LU]PYVUTLU[Z
PZ Z\JO [OH[ H YHUNL VM JVUKP[PVUZ PZ
\UH]VPKHISL HUK [OL WV^KLY ILPUN
WYVJLZZLK ^PSS IL OHUKSLK \UKLY KPMMLYLU[
Z[YLZZ YLNPTLZ 0U VYKLY [V M\SS` WYLKPJ[
[OL WV^KLY»Z PU WYVJLZZ WLYMVYTHUJL
P[ PZ LZZLU[PHS [V TLHZ\YL HUK X\HU[PM`
OV^ P[ YLZWVUKZ [V LHJO VM [OLZL L_[LYUHS
]HYPHISLZ
;OL K`UHTPJ WYPUJPWSL VM [OL
-; YLX\PYLZ [OH[ [OL ISHKL
YV[H[LZ HUK TV]LZ ]LY[PJHSS`
IV[O KV^U^HYKZ HUK \W^HYKZ
(Z H YLZ\S[ P[ ^PSS L_WLYPLUJL
H YLZPZ[HUJL [V YV[H[PVU HUK H
YLZPZ[HUJL [V ]LY[PJHS TV]LTLU[
;OL -; TLHZ\YLZ IV[O YV[H[PVUHS
HUK ]LY[PJHS YLZPZ[HUJLZ PU
[OL MVYT VM ;VYX\L HUK -VYJL
YLZWLJ[P]LS` )V[O ZPNUHSZ ULLK
[V IL TLHZ\YLK HZ P[ PZ [OL
JVTWVZP[L VM [OLZL [^V ZPNUHSZ
[OH[ X\HU[PÄLZ [OL WV^KLY»Z [V[HS
YLZPZ[HUJL [V ÅV^
( \UPX\L ZL[ VM TLHZ\YLK WHYHTL[LYZ
Force
Torque
H1 Height
H2
H1 Height H2
;VYX\L HUK -VYJL HYL TLHZ\YLK ZPT\S[HULV\ZS` HZ [OL ISHKL
TV]LZ KV^U H OLSPJHS WH[O [OYV\NO [OL WV^KLY