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h. Human toxicity.
i. Summer smog.
j. Noise.
Transportation andwarehousing influence all of the abovementioned categories.The
resource consumption is expressed by the primary energy consumption, the greenhouse
effect and the depletion of the ozone layer is influenced by CO
2
/CO
2
e. Acidification, eco-
toxicity and human toxicity is caused by nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide emissions.
Summer smog is the result of high emissions of non-methane hydrocarbons and particles.
6.2 Calculation methods for transportation and standards
A truck with a diesel engine emits greenhouse gases at the location of operation.
In contrast, an electrified train has no emission at the location of operation but the
energy production takes place in power plants away from the final use. Therefore, system
boundaries must be introduced to distinguish where the emissions are taking place. One
system boundary is the final energy consumption at the operating vehicle. However,
the energy must be provided, produced and distributed before, as shown in Figure 6.2.
Figure 6.2 Systems boundaries of energy consumption
The energy provision contains the construction of the energy plants. The production
takes place in power plants and refineries. The transportation of the energy by a transmission
line is part of the distribution. These different processes are summarised in the well-to-tank
WTT process. During the transportation process when a transport device is in operation,
the transformation of energy can result in additional emissions. This process is called tank-
to-wheel TTW. The total emission of the well-to-wheels WTW process is the sum of the
both single processes. The emission during the construction of the infrastructure or the
transportation devices like trains and trucks themselves is not considered.
Example 2:
The 40 feet container from Example 1 is transported by truck and train. The
emission for the well-to-wheels emission is given in Table 6.2.
Table 6.2 Emission of transportation from Hamburg to Dresden (calculation with [3])
CO
2
e by truck (t CO
2
)
CO
2
e by train (t CO
2
)
Well-to-tank
0.13
0.19
Tank-to-wheel
0.49
-
Well-to-wheel
0.62
0.19