139 / 188
137
(6.5)
and so the capacity utilisation is 39%. Over 60% of the maximum load in terms
of weight or not used.
The average load factor of long distance routes with heavy trucks was 2013 in
Germany 55% [11]. Load factors of 100% are reached with building materials. Concrete
or steel are heavy and use the complete payload capacity.
Specification of the cargo
According to [3], it could make sense to group different kinds of cargo if no real
data for the calculation of the energy consumption and thus the emission are available:
Bulk goods like coal, oil, ore, fertiliser.
Average goods like consumer goods.
Volume goods like a passenger car, clothes, seat furniture.
For bulk or heavy goods a full load can be assumed. For average and volume
goods the load factors can vary between 20 and 80%.
Example 4:
A train delivers coal to a power plant. Due to the high density of the coal and the
bulk form of transported good, the load factor is 100%. There is no load back to the
warehouse. Therefore, the empty trip factor is 1. In this case, the capacity utilisation is
just 50%.
Process of the calculation for energy consumption and emissions according to
EN 16258 [4]
The process of the calculation is based on the vehicle operations systems VOS.
The vehicle operation systems are a specific cycle of a vehicle. The VOS can be done for
just one vehicle or for all vehicles of the transportation department of a company.
1. Separate the total transport in single legs without changing the transport
mode.
2. Set up the vehicle operations systems VOS for the legs including the routes,
vehicle types, empty trips.
3. Quantitative measurement of the total energy consumption
F
of the VOS.
4. Conversion of the measured energy consumption in a standardised energy
consumption
E
system including the calculation of the CO
2
e.
For step 4, the standardised energy
E
consumption is given by
E = F
x
e
(6.6)
In equation (6.6) the energy consumption
F
can be given in l, kg or kWh
depending on the type of energy usage (diesel, heavy oil or electricity). Because the
energy consumption can have different values, a specific conversion factor
e
is needed
to calculate the standardised energy consumption
E
. The emission
G
in terms of CO
2
e
is calculated by:
G = F
x
g
(6.7)