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22
HISTORY.
hence
the
resemblance
of
the
tip
of
a
Thyrsus-staff
to
the
cone
of
a
pine.
The
wine-production
of
the
old
Romans
was
enor-
mous;
Caesar
presented
to
the
city
of
Rome
at
one
single
time
44,000
barrels;
Hortensius
had
not
less
than
10,000
barrels
of
extra
Chios
wine
in
his
cellars.
Gaul
(France)
was
a
wine-growing
country
long
be-
fore
Germany,
as
already,
600
B.
C.,
the
Phocians
in
Massilia,
the
modern
Marseilles,
introduced
the
wine
here.
Caesar
already
found
in
Gaul
extensive
vineyards;
Ausonius
praises
the
wines
of
Medoc;
Plinius
those
of
the
Auvergne.
Emperor
Domitian
ordered
half
of
the
Gallic
vine-
yards
to
be
destroyed,
and
in
their
stead
that
grain
should
be
raised;
this
would
have
the
double
effect
of
reducing
the
price
of
the
grain,
and
of
securing
better
prices
to
the
wine-growers
in Italy.
Emperor
Probus
revoked
this
edict.
Aurelian
and
the
Antonines
planted
vines
in
the
Cote
d'Or,
the best
product
of
which
is
still
nowadays
called
"
Romance."
Charlemagne
owned
vineyards
in
Burgundy,
and
brought
the
vine
from
there
to
the
Rhine.
In
exchange
for
thirty
barrels
of
Chambertin
the
ab-
bot
of
Citeaux
received
from
Pope
Gregory
IX.
the
dignity
of
cardinal.
During
the
crusades
French
pilgrims
brought
eastern
vines
to
France.
The
sparkling
champagne
was
not
known
yet
at
the