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Comparative effectiveness research

CER is the generation of evidence comparing

benefits

and harms

of interventions for a clinical condition [Sox

HC, Ann Int Med 2009].

CER assists in making informed decisions to improve

outcomes at the individual and population levels.

Observational studies

offer insights to specific

challenges in oncology such as

rising costs

and

rapidly evolving technology

Louie AV, Radioth Oncol 2015