THE GEOLOGY OF SEA-FLOOR MASSIVE SULPHIDES
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Exploration
4.1
Exploration involves the identification, delineation, and evalu-
ation of deep sea mineral resources and generally requires so-
phisticated, multi-purpose research vessels using advanced
technologies, such as deep sea mapping equipment, remotely
operated vehicles (ROVs), photographic and video systems,
and sampling and drilling devices (Figure 13).
4.1.1 Target identification
SMS deposits are commonly raised sulphide mounds on the sea-
floor, with either fossil or active black smoker chimneys. Targets
typically can be identified by sea-floor topography, water-column
temperature anomalies, or anomalous redox potential, using re-
gional geophysical and geochemical methods. The methods are
Figure 13. Example of exploration tools.
Finder-installed
deep sea camera
Free fall grab
Multi beam
eco sounder
Dredge
bucket
ROV
(Remotedly
operated
vehicle)
GPS
Sources: adapted from Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation.
(pic of exploration ship)
Photo courtesy of GEOMAR.
