1336-1337 / 2351
Disa et al,
Plast Reconstr Surg 2003
Urken, Atlas of Regional and Free Flaps for Head
and Neck Reconstruction 2011
Type 0
minimal defects - amenable to primary closure
minimal defects - amenable to primary closure
Type I
< 50% -
NOT amenable to primary closure
non-circumferential
defect, minimum of 2 cm in width,
with a viable strip of mucosa
Type II
> 50%
circumferential
defect extended no further cephalad
than the level of the vallecula
Type III
other anatomical regions
(nasopharynx, oropharynx, or of the mouth or jaw)
circumferential/non-circumferential defect
extended
cephalad to the level of the vallecula
Type IV
extension to cervical oesophagus
any resection that extends caudal to the level of the
clavicles
The pharyngoesophageal defects
Open-neck approaches
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