2015 Anatomical Chart Company Catalog

Charts & Posters

Chart Collections

Reference Materials

Pediatric/Elementary

Alternative Therapy

& Study Aids

Reference Materials

Resources

ANATOMICAL CHART COMPANY

Anatomical Charts & Posters

What is Diabetes?

UNDERSTANDING DIABETES

Normalbeta cells

secrete insulinwhichdrives

glucose intomuscle, liver and fat

cellsmaintainingblood sugar

levels in thenormal range

Diabeticbeta cells

Duringpre-diabetes,up to 80% of

beta cell function is lost, insulin

levelsdrop,glucose levels rise

while fasting and after eating.

WhatHappens inDiabetes

Diabetesmellitusordiabetes isagroupofdiseases thataffect thebody’s cellsability to convertanduse sugar

(glucose) from food for energy. The result is toomuch sugar (glucose) in the blood.Hyperglycemia (high

blood sugar) candamageorgans suchas the eyes,kidneys,nerves,heartandbloodvessels, increasing riskof

stroke andheart attacks.

Patients with hypertension, high cholesterol, heart disease, a family history of diabetes, those who are

overweight orHispanic orAfricanAmerican should be screened for diabetes beginning at age 45. Early

diagnosis can slow theprogression of thedisease and lessen the risk of long term complications.

Blood tests areused todiagnosediabetes.Alldiabetesblood tests involvedrawingblood and sending it to a

lab for analysis.Yourhealth careprovidermayperform the following to test fordiabetes:

•A1C blood test

shows the average blood glucose levels over the past 3months, and is reported as a

percentage, the higher the percentage, the higher your blood glucose levels have been.AnA1C test of

greater than 6.5% is considered abnormal.

•Fastingplasmaglucose test

measuresbloodglucoseafter fasting forat least8hours.Fastingglucose levels

above 126mg/dLare considered abnormal.

• 2-HourOralGlucose test

measuresbloodglucose levelsbefore and 2hours afterdrinking a special sweet

liquid. 2-hourpostmealglucose levelsgreater than 200mg/dLare considered abnormal.

Type 1DiabetesMellitus (T1DM)

Peoplewith T1DM do not produce insulin because their immune system (the body’s

system for fighting infection)attacksanddestroys the insulin-producingbetacells in thepancreas, leaving littleorno insulin.Without

insulin, sugarbuildsup in theblood instead ofbeing transferred to the cells.

The cause of T1DM is not known but it is thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors (exposure to certain

viruses).T1DM accounts for about 5% ofdiagnoseddiabetes in theUnited States. It can appear at any age, butdevelopsmost often

in children andyoung adults.

Type 2DiabetesMellitus (T2DM)

iswhen thepancreasdoesnotproduce enough insulin, or the body cannotuse insulin

properly (a condition called insulin resistance).T2DM is themost common formofdiabetesandgeneticsand environmental triggers

mayplayapart in itsdevelopment.The following factorsplayan important role in causing

highblood sugarand insulin resistance

in individualsgeneticallyprone to type 2diabetes:

•

Beta cells in thepancreas slowly stopproducing insulin.

•

Alpha cells in thepancreasproduce toomuchofahormone calledglucagon that stimulates the liver tomake sugarwhich thebody

can’tuse and it’s released into theblood.

•

The liver fails to store sugar as an energy source.

•

Thekidney overproducesglucose and INCREASES absorption ofglucose into theblood.

•

Low insulin levels cause the fat cells tobreakdown and release “free fatty acids” (FFAs).FFAs cause the liver tomakemore sugar,

destroy the insulinproducingbeta cells in thepancreas andblock themuscles fromusingglucose for energy.

•

Muscle cells areunable to absorb anduseglucose for energy.Unusedglucose stays in theblood, increasing sugar levels.

•

Eating releaseshormones that tell thepancreas toproduce/release insulin,prevent the liver frommaking sugar, slow thepassage

of food thru the stomach and send the brain amessage to “feel full”. In T2DM, these hormones are impaired resulting inweight

gain and reduced insulin levels.

•

As onegainsweight, appetite is increased causingmoreweightgain and adding to insulin resistance.

Pre-diabetes

iswhen the blood sugar level is higher than normal, but is still low

enoughnot tobe considereddiabetes.92millionAmericanshaveprediabeteswhich

isdefined ashaving fasting blood sugars levels of 100-125mg/dL, 2-hourpost

meal blood sugars levels of 140-199mg/dL or anA1C of 5.7-6.4%. People

withprediabetesareathigh risk for somediabetes related complications,

especially heart disease. Weight loss and exercise can reverse

prediabetes. 11% of patients with prediabetes convert to clinical

diabetes eachyear.

Gestationaldiabetes

isacondition thatwomencangetwhen

they are pregnant. The exact cause is unknown but it is believed

that pregnancy hormones make your cells more resistant to

insulin resulting inhighblood sugar.Gestationaldiabetesusually

disappears after thebaby isborn,butwomenwhohavehad it are

athigher risk ofdevelopingT2DM later.

Types of Diabetes

Patients with type 1 diabetes usually report rapidly developing

symptoms.With type 2 diabetes, symptoms usually develop gradually

andmaynot appearuntilmanyyears after the onset of thedisease.

•Weight loss evenwhen eatingproperly

•Frequenturination

•Excessive thirst

•Extremehunger

•Fatigue

•Blurredvision

•Dry, itchy skin

•More infections thanusual

•Numbness in feet and/orhands

• Slow-healing cuts or sores

•No symptoms

Symptoms ofDiabetes

Risk factors

5 Tips for Successful Diabetes Self-Management

Pancreas

Liver

Kidney

Pancreas

Heart

Large intestine

Small intestine

Insulin acts as a “key” to open adoor in the cell that lets

glucose enter,where itwillbe converted to energy.

Cellsdevelop a resistance to insulin, the insulindoesnotwork

correctly ornot enough insulin ismadeby thepancreas.Cellsdonot

get the fuel theyneed for energy and sugarbuildsup in theblood.

Celldoor is closed,

glucose isnot able

to enter andmoves

into theblood

Insulin cannot

attach to cell

Energy-deprived

cell

Glucose converted to

energy

DiabeticBodyCell

NormalBodyCell

Glucose

from food

Cell "door" is opened

allowingglucose (sugar)

to enter the cell

Insulin attaches to cell and

opens a "door" allowing

glucose to enter

Increasedblood sugar

(glucose) level

Glucosemoves

into theblood

Insulin

Food isbrokendown intoglucose.Glucose

is a form of sugar in theblood and is the

main source of energy for thebody.

Glucoseneeds thehelp of ahormone

called

insulin

to enter the cells.

Ahormone is a chemical substancemade

inonepartof thebodywhich travels to

otherpartsof thebody tohelp cells

andorgansdo their jobs.

Insulin

ismadeby special cells in

thepancreas calledbeta cells.

Insulinmakes itpossible for

glucose toenter the cells.The

insulinopensadoor in the cell

thatallowsglucose toenter.

Indiabetes,yourpancreas

doesn'tmake enough insulin,

oryour cellsdon’t respond

properly to the insulin

produced,ora combination

ofboth.

Without thehelp of insulin,

glucosebuildsup inyourblood

causingyourblood

sugar levels to rise.

Knowyourmetabolic

targets:blood

sugar levels

(A1C),bloodpressure,

and cholesterol.

Insulin frompancreas

attaches to cell

Takeyourmedication

asprescribed.

Followup frequently

withhealth careproviders

who areknowledgeable

aboutdiabetes.

Stop smoking.

Practice living ahealthy

lifestyle: exercise, lose

weight ifoverweight, and

makehealthy food choices.

Lung

Brain

Redblood cells

Developed in consultationwith JeffUngerMD,ABFM,FACE.

Type 2Diabetes andPrediabetes

•Overweight or obesity

•Physical inactivity/lack of exercise

•Familyhistory ofdiabetes

•Certain racial and ethnicgroups (African

Americans,Hispanic/LatinoAmericans,Asian

Americans,Pacific Islanders,NativeAmericans

andAlaskaNatives)

•Older age –but onset is increasingdramatically

among children,adolescentsandyoungeradults

•History ofgestationaldiabetes ordelivery

of ababyweighing 9pounds ormore atbirth

•Highbloodpressure, lowHDL (good)

cholesterol and/orhigh triglyceride levels

•Polycystic ovary syndrome

Type 1Diabetes

•Parent or siblingwhohasT1DM

•Environmental factors (exposure toavirusor toxin)

•Race –T1DM ismore common inwhites than in

other races

•Geography - certain countries, such asFinland and

Sweden,havehigher rates ofT1DM

Diabetes inYouth

Diabetes isoneof themost common chronicdiseases in children

and adolescents.About 1 in 400 people younger than 20 years

have type 1 or type 2 diabetes.Although type 1 diabetes ismore

prevalentamongchildrennationwide, type2diabetes isbecomingmore

common inU.S.kidsand teens,especially if theyareoverweight.There is

noknownway toprevent type1diabetes,but, expertsagree thathealthy

eatingandanactive lifestyle canhelp toprevent type2diabetes inyouth.

DiabetesManagement

Peoplewith type 1 diabetes require insulin tomanage their diabetes.

Insulinpensand insulinpumpsare safe, effectiveandaccurateways to

take insulin.Treatment for type 1diabetes is a lifelong commitment to

blood sugarmonitoring, taking insulin, healthy eating, exercise and

regularvisits toyourhealth careprovider.

Type 2Diabetesmaybe treatedwith avarietyofdifferent anti-diabetic

medications determined by blood sugar levels and symptoms.

Patientsmay also be prescribedmedicine to control cholesterol and

bloodpressure.

Peoplewithdiabetes canprevent ordelayproblems by keeping blood

sugar levels as close tonormal aspossible,keepingbloodpressure and

cholesterol under control and by getting regular medical care.

Although diabetes is a common disease, every individual needs

personalized care.Consultingwithadiabeteshealthcare teamwillhelp

you tomaintain the correct balance betweenmedication, blood sugar

monitoring,diet, and exercise.

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

SHORT-TERM

Hypoglycemia iswhenblood sugar fallsbelow70mg/dl.This

is also known as an insulin reaction. Low blood sugar can be

caused by eating too little, not eating often enough, by too

much physical activity without eating, or toomuch insulin.

Hypoglycemia candevelopquickly inpeoplewithdiabetes.

Symptoms include:

Energy-

deprived

cell

Glucose

converted

to energy

Diabetesmellitus type1or type1diabetes (T1DM),onceknownas insulin-dependentor juvenilediabetes isachronic

metabolic disorder that prevents the body frommaking energy from food.Most people develop T1DMwhen they

are children oryoung adults,but it can occur at any age.

People with T1DM cannot produce the hormone insulin, because their immune system (the body’s system for

fighting infection)attacksordestroys the insulin-producingbetacells in thepancreas.Without thebetacells, thebody

can no longerproduce the insulin needed to help sugar (glucose) enter the cell to beused for energy and the sugar

(glucose)buildsup in theblood.Highblood sugar levels can lead tomany long-termhealthproblems.

Although theexact causeof type1diabetes isnotknown, it is thought that thedestructionof thepancreaticbeta cells

by the immune system is triggered ingenetically susceptible individuals after exposure to a series ofviral illnesses.

•Frequenturination

•Fatigue

• Increased thirst

•Blurredvision

•Thirst

•Fatigue

•Nausea andvomiting

• Stomachpain

•Possible Infection

•Loss of consciousness

Glucose

molecule

Redblood cell

•Weakness/dizziness

• Sweating

•Headache

•Loss of coordination

• Seizure

•Hunger

•Loss of consciousness

• Inability to concentrate

•Blurredvision

•Fatigue

•Tremor

• Irritability

• Slurred speech

•Awakening from sleep

•Falling out ofbed

•Facial tingling

Hyperglycemia iswhenblood sugar increases and stays above

the normal level (greater than 120 mg/dl before meals and

greater than 180mg/dl aftermeals). Symptoms can develop

slowly, sometimes over a period of days so it is important to

monitor blood sugar levels.High blood sugar for an extended

time can result indamage tovariouspartsof thebody.

Symptoms include:

When the body cannotmake enough insulin to help glucose

enter cells forenergy; thebodybegins tobreakdown fat.When

fat isused forenergy, chemicals calledketonesare released into

the blood. Some of the ketones are passed out of the body

through theurine,butketonescanbuildup toapoisonous level

in theblood causing

diabeticketoacidosis (DKA)

This condition candevelop slowly and can lead to adiabetic

coma or evendeath.

Symptoms include:

UNDERSTANDING TYPE 1 DIABETES

ThePancreas and

Type 1Diabetes

NormalBodyCell

BodyCellwithDiabetes

Complications

HeartDisease and Stroke

KidneyDisease (Nephropathy)

EyeProblems

NerveDamage (Neuropathy)

LONG-TERM

When you eat, your pancreas automatically

makes the right amount of insulin to help

glucose enter the cells. The cells in the

pancreas that produce insulin are called

beta cells. In type 1 diabetes, the body’s

immune system sees the beta cells as a

“potentialdanger“ anddestroys them.

Digestive System

Food from the digestive system is broken

down into sugar (glucose). It iseither stored in

the liver or absorbed into the bloodstream,

where it isusedby thebody for energy.

How InsulinWorks

(NormalCellsvs.DiabeticCells)

Insulinmakes it possible for our cells to take in glucose (sugar). Insulin

actsasa“key” toopenadoor in thecell thatallowsglucose from theblood

to enter the cellwhere itwill be converted to energy.Without insulin, the

doorsdonot open and the cellsdonotget the fuel theyneed.

GlucoseBuildup

Asa resultofnoor little insulin,glucosebuildsup

in theblood,damagingvessels andvitalorgans.

What happens in Type 1 Diabetes?

Toomuch sugar

in one’sblood

Hyperglycemia

Too little sugar

in one’sblood

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia (low-blood sugar)

Hyperglycemia (high-blood sugar)

Ketoacidosis

Managing Type 1 Diabetes

At this time, there isno cureorprevention for type 1diabetes.Patientswith type 1diabetes require insulin tomanage theirdiabetes. Insulinpens and insulinpumps are safe, effective

and accurateways to take insulin.Managing thisdisease requires individualized care from adiabeteshealthcare team tohelpmaintain the correctbalancebetweenmedication,blood

sugarmonitoring,diet, and exercise.

•Knowyourprescribedmetabolic targets (blood sugar (A1C),

bloodpressure, cholesterol)

•Exercise 5days eachweek for 30-45minutesper session

•Eathealthymeals, see a certifieddiabetic educator or a registereddietician

for assistance inmealplanning

•Never stop takingyour insulin orprescriptionmedicineswithout the consent

ofyourhealth careprovider

• Stop smoking andminimizeyour alcohol consumption

•Make sure thatyourhealth careprovider iswell trained inmanagingpatients

with type 1diabetes

Normal

pancreatic

islet of

Langerhans

Diabetic

pancreatic islet

ofLangerhans

CellularViewofPancreas

Glucosemolecules

(fromdigestive system)

Insulin

molecules

Glucose

molecules

Opened

glucose

door

Closed

glucose

door

Destruction of

beta cells

Beta cell

Alpha cell

Developed in consultationwith JeffUngerMD,ABFP,FACE

Insulin

molecules

•Rapidheart rate

•Dizzinesswhen

standingupright

• Inability to completely

empty thebladder or

urinary incontinence

•Fullness in the abdomen

after eating a fewbites

•Diarrhea and/

or constipation

•Erectiledysfunction/

vaginaldryness

•Loss of ability to sweat

•Excessive sweating

while eating

•Charcot foot and ankle

Other examples ofdiabeticneuropathy include:

High levelsofbloodglucosecandamage

the glomeruli (the filtering units of the

kidney),which can reduce thekidney’s

ability to remove waste and retain

importantnutrients such asprotein.

Poorbloodsugar (glucose)control,high

blood pressure, and high cholesterol

can damage arteries increasing risk for

heartattackor stroke.

• Diabetic Retinopathy occurs when

oneof the arteries that suppliesblood

to the retina becomes blocked causing

diminishedblood flow to the retinaand

can lead toblindness.

•DiabeticMacular Edema (DME) results in vision loss due

to the effects of chronic inflammation from exposure to

highblood sugar levels.

High blood sugar levels can damage

nerves resulting in pain and loss of

function. Sensory neuropathy results

in tingling andburning sensation in the

feetwhileat rest. If sensation to the feet is

lost completely, patients risk developing

ulcers, infections and footdeformitieswhichmay require an

amputation. Sleep andbalancemaybedisrupted.

Yellow

Angle@08

Black

Angle@53

Magenta

Angle@83

Cyan

Angle@23

9781469894395_r2_DiabetesType1_3E_9781469894947 8/25/14 7:01PM Page 1

MultipleFactorsCauseHighBlood Sugar

and InsulinResistance inType 2Diabetes

Liver

Stomach

Pancreas

Large intestine

Small intestine

Heart

CellularViewofPancreas

The insulin acts as a “key” to

open a door in the cell that lets

glucose enter the cell where it

willbe converted to energy.

In Type 2 diabetes, the body’s cells develop

a resistance to insulin, the pancreas does not

make enough insulin or the insulin does not

workcorrectly.Without insulin, thecellsdonot

get the fuel they need for energy and sugar

buildsup in theblood.

Glucose (sugar)

fromdigestive

system

Normal

insulinproducing

pancreatic cells

Diabetic

beta cells cannotproduce the

insulinneeded tohelp cells

convertglucose to energy

Insulin

from

pancreas

Redblood cells

Celldoor is

closed,glucose

isnot able to

enter and

moves into the

blood.

Insulin receptor

Energy-

deprived cell

Glucose

converted

to energy

Complications

Poor

blood

sugar

control, high blood

pressure, and high

cholesterol can damage

arteriesand increase risk

ofheartattackor stroke.

HeartDisease

and Stroke

High blood sugar levels

can cause damage to the

blood vessels of the

retina.Bloodvesselsmay

become blocked causing

diminishedblood flow to

the retinaandcan lead to

blindness.

High levels of blood

sugar can damage the

smallbloodvessels inthe

filtering units of the

kidney (the glomeruli),

andmay cause them to

leakor lose their filtering

ability leading to CKD

(chronickidneydisease) andpossiblekidney failure.

KidneyDisease

(Nephropathy)

Poor diabetes control

can cause circulation

problems in the blood

vessels of the legs and

feet.Healing ofwounds

and infectionsmay also

be affected. In extreme

situations, gangrene can

develop and amputationsmaybenecessary.

VascularDisease

High blood sugar levels

can damage nerves that

control vital functions

and/orpainperception.

Tinglingandpain in feet

from nerve damage

may progress to loss of

feeling.Neuropathy can

also affect balance, sleep, sexual function, and can

causeurinary tract incontinence.

NerveDamage

(Diabeticneuropathy)

What IsType 2Diabetes?

Type 2 diabetes or T2DM, once known as non-insulin-

dependent or adult-onset diabetes, is a progressive

metabolic disorder that affects how your body uses sugar

(glucose) from food. Glucose is an important source of

energy for the cells of your body and organs. If you have

diabetes, itmeans you have toomuch glucose (sugar) in

yourblood,which can lead to serioushealthproblems.

T2DM isacomplexdiseasewithmultiple factors linked to its

cause and development, but ismainly characterized by a

reduction in insulin secretion from the pancreas alongwith

the body’s inability to use insulin properly (a condition

called insulin resistance) tokeepbloodglucose (bloodsugar)

levels normal. Insulin is the hormone that is needed to

transportglucose (sugar) from the foodyoueat toyour cells.

Type 2 diabetes is the most common and increasingly

widespread form ofdiabetes, and it is believed that genetic

and environmental factors play a role in its development.

Being overweight is strongly linked to the development of

T2DM, but not everyone with T2DM is overweight. It is

most often associated with older age, but is a growing

problem among U.S. children and adolescents. Type 2

diabetes in youth can have a devastating effect on one’s

kidneys andheart at ayoung age.

Symptoms

(Manypatientsmayhaveno symptoms)

• Increased thirst

• Initialweightgain followedbyweight loss

•Fatigue

•Frequenturination

•Dry skin

•Blurredvision

•Tingling inhands and feet

•Erectiledysfunction,vaginaldryness

RiskFactors

High riskpatientswithout symptoms shouldbe screened

every 3yearsbeginning at age 45.Patientswith symptoms

shouldbe screened as soon aspossible.

T2DM risk factors include:

•Obesity or overweight

•Lack ofphysical activity

•Parent or siblingwithT2DM

•High-risk

ethnicity:AfricanAmerican

,Latino,

NativeAmerican,AsianAmerican,Pacific Islander

•Womenwhohadgestationaldiabetes (highblood sugar

duringpregnancy), orwhohavehad ababyweighing

9pounds ormore atbirth

•History ofprediabetes,prediabetes isblood sugar levels

higher thannormal,butnotyethigh enough tobe

diagnosed asdiabetes

•History ofhighbloodpressure (hypertension) and/or

cardiovasculardisease

•Abnormal cholesterol

•Exposure to secondhand smoke

•Abnormal sleeppatterns

•History ofmental illness

•Womenwith ahistory ofpolycystic ovarian syndrome

ManagingType 2Diabetes

People with T2DM can prevent or delay problems by

keeping the levelofglucose (sugar) in thebloodas close to

normal as possible (85-130 mg/dL), keeping blood

pressure and cholesterol under control and by getting

regular medical care. Although diabetes is a common

disease, every individual needs personalized care. T2DM

may be treated with a variety of different medications

determinedby blood sugar levels and symptoms.Patients

may be prescribed medicine to control cholesterol and

blood pressure. Your diabetes healthcare provider will

help you to maintain the correct balance between

medications,blood sugarmonitoring,diet, and exercise.

Pancreas:

•Not enough insulin ismade and secretedby thebeta cells of thepancreas

•Alpha cells of thepancreasproduce toomuch of ahormone called

glucagonwhich stimulates the liver tomake sugar

Liver:

•Toomuchglucagon stimulates the liver tomake

extra sugarwhich thebody can’tuse and it’s

released into theblood

•Liver’s ability to store sugar is reduced

Kidney:

• Insteadof allowing extraglucose topass

from thebody in theurine, thekidney

INCREASES absorptionofglucose

whichmakes insulin resistanceworse

•Thekidney itself increases the amount

ofglucose itmakes

Brain:

•As onegainsweight, appetite

is increased

•Obesepeoplehave ahigh risk

ofdevelopingdiabetes

because theyhavedifficulty

controlling their appetite

SkeletalMuscles:

•Muscle cells areunable to absorb

anduseglucose for energy

•Unusedglucose stays in theblood,

increasing sugar levels, adding to

insulin resistance

Fat cells:

•Low insulin levels cause the fat cells tobreak

down and release “free fatty acids” (FFAs)

•FFAs cause the liver tomakemore sugar,

destroy the insulinproducingbeta cells in

thepancreas andblock themuscles from

usingglucose for energy.

Alimentary canal orgut:

•Whenyou eat,yourgut releaseshormones that tell thepancreas to:

produce/release insulin,prevent the liver frommaking sugar, slow

thepassage of food thru the stomach and send thebrain amessage

to “feel full”

• InT2DM, thesehormones are impairedwhich stops thepancreas

frommaking insulin, stimulates the liver tomakemore sugar and

causes the stomach to empty faster

•Thebraindoesnot feel full after eating resulting inweightgain and

increasedblood sugar levels

Insulinmolecules

Glucosemolecules

DiabeticBodyCell

NormalBodyCell

Whathappens inType 2Diabetes

Much of the foodyou eat isbrokendown intoglucose.Glucose is the form of sugar in theblood and is themain source of energy for thebody.

Glucoseneeds thehelp of ahormone called insulin to enter thebody cells.Normally thepancreas releases the right amount of insulinneeded to

transferglucose fromyourblood toyour cells. InType 2diabetes,problems occurwhen the insulin that isproduced in thepancreasdoesn’twork

correctly,not enough insulin ismade or thebody’s cells resist insulin.

UNDERSTANDING TYPE 2 DIABETES

Glucosemolecules

Cell "door" is opened

allowingglucose (sugar)

to enter the cell

Beta cell

Alpha cell

Insulinmolecules

Insulin attaches to cell

and opens a "door"

Increased

blood sugar

level

Glucosemoves

into theblood

Insulinmolecules

Long-termdiabetes candamagemanypartsof thebody.Seeyourhealth careprovider at leastonce ayear to find and treat anyproblems early.

.Knowyourmetabolic target levels forglucose,bloodpressure, and cholesterol.

. Incorporatehealthy lifestylepractices intoyour life: exercise, loseweight ifyou areoverweight, andmakehealthy food choices.

Stop smoking.

Takeyourprescribedmedicines.

Followup frequentlywithhealthcareproviderswho areknowledgeable indiabetes.

The 5Keys toSuccessfulDiabetesManagement

The followingmetabolicdisorders result in abovenormalblood sugar levels.

Developed in consultationwith JeffUngerMD,ABFP,FACE.

EyeDisease

(DiabeticRetinopathy)

UPDATED