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3
•
1943‐1963 – VEE isolated from locations in South
America, Central America, Caribbean
VEEV History
(continued)
•
First reported human VEEV infections were in laboratory
workers
•
Mild human infections during 1944 Trinidad outbreak
•
Severe human infections during subsequent outbreaks
•
Outbreak from 1969 to 1972 eventually reached the
USA (Texas) and was stamped out by
vaccination and movement control
of horses
•
May have originated from incomplete
formalin inactivation of vaccine strains
•
1995 –outbreak in Venezuela and Colombia
•
75,000‐100,000 people affected
VEEV History
(continued)
•
Little epizootic VEE activity in nature in recent
years
•
Locations of activity not well reported
•
Locations of activity may not be safe for
investigators
•
Inter‐epizootic maintenance of VEEV not well
understood