Publication Name

BALKAN VITAL GRAPHICS

BACKGROUND

MINING

WATER

NATURE

Fragile states

All the states that emerged from the break-up of

Yugoslavia are still fragile, except Slovenia, which

joined the EU in 2004, and Croatia, which is well on

the way towards European integration. Since the

Dayton Peace Agreement (1995), Bosnia and Herze-

govina has constituted a state, but split into two enti-

ties: the Republic of Srpska and the Federation of Bos-

nia and Herzegovina, itself divided into 10 cantons. In

addition, there exists the district of Brcko which is a

self-governing administrative unit. All attempts at re-

form of this highly ineffective institutional framework

have failed so far.

Kosovo is theoretically a part of Serbia but has been

under provisional United Nations administration since

1999. The decision on its final status could have seri-

ous consequences for the region, with the risk of new

disturbances in areas with Albanian minorities (in Mac-

edonia, Montenegro and Serbia).

Each government in the region has more or less re-

stored law and order elsewhere. The “grey areas” of

the 1990s have disappeared, particularly in Albania.

However, corruption is still rife in government and pub-

lic services (healthcare, education, etc.).

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Green politics

In 1992, Montenegro, at that time part of the Federal Re-

public of Yugoslavia, adopted a new constitution which

qualified it as an “ecological state”, the first to lay claim

to this distinction. It has never had any practical effect.

Much as in the other Balkan countries, environmental

awareness is very low in Montenegro and public policy

attaches only minor importance to the ecology.

Unlike other countries in central and east Europe, envi-

ronmental movements did not play a major role in pre-

cipitating the downfall of communism, except perhaps

in Slovenia. Throughout the 1990s, politics in the former

Yugoslav republics limited itself to a standoff between

nationalist and pro-democratic forces, leaving very little

room for other issues.

Today’s supposedly “green” parties are often little more

than empty shells in the west Balkan region. Various politi-

cal parties, particularly those with a regionalist agenda,

nevertheless exploit environmental issues with varying

degrees of enthusiasm and sincerity. This is for instance

the case in the Vojvodina autonomous province, Serbia or

in Istria, Croatia, where the Istrian Democratic Forum (Is-

tarski Demokratski Forum, IDF), at the head of the regional

government, is actively promoting sustainable tourism.

But in recent years significant citizens’ movements

have emerged, in particular in the Republic of Srpska

and Montenegro, to counter plans to build dams for hy-

dropower generation with potentially serious environ-

mental consequences. Their efforts have been met with

success and the dam projects on the Vrbas, in Bosnia,

and the Tara, in Montenegro, have been shelved at least

for the moment. A powerful movement is developing in

Pancevo, an industrial centre near Belgrade regularly

affected by serious air pollution. Serbia’s independent

trade union, Nezavisnost, pays close attention to the

impact of industrial pollution too.

Energy and transportation

Several transportation corridors singled out by the EU as

development priorities pass through the Balkans, in par-

ticular corridors Vc (Budapest-Ploce), VIII (Sofia-Skopje-

Thessalonica-Durres) and X (linking Germany to Greece,

via Croatia, Serbia and Macedonia). Most of these

projects only exist on paper, apart from corridor X, which

corresponds to a line of communication essential to Eu-

ropean trade. It is served by a busy, good quality motor-

way. The countries through which this route passes may

use this transit function to leverage development.

In contrast, some countries remain on the sidelines,

notably Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Albania,

though the latter has the advantage of its coastline.

Some infrastructure projects, such as the motorway

slated to connect Kosovo to Albania, obviously have a

political significance.

Trade in the region is still limited, due to customs

formalities and poor infrastructure. The rail network,

which is not very extensive, suffered during the various