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BALKAN VITAL GRAPHICS
18
BACKGROUND
MINING
WATER
NATURE
19
conflicts. The Danube was closed to navi-
gation for a few years, due to NATO bomb-
ing in 1999 which destroyed several bridges
preventing river traffic. Today, all the bridges
have been rebuilt and navigation has been
reopened in the area.
A number of oil pipelines are currently under
study or construction in the Balkans: the US
registered Albanian-Macedonian-Bulgarian
Oil Corporation (AMBO) project will carry oil
from the Caspian to the Mediterranean, via
Bulgaria, Macedonia and Albania; the Adria
Group project will channel Russian oil to the
Omisalj terminal on the Croatian coast. The
presence of President Putin, of Russia, at
Southeast Europe’s first energy summit in
Zagreb in June 2007, emphasised the re-
gion’s strategic importance to his country. It
should be borne in mind that many Balkan
countries suffer a serious energy deficit, fur-
ther aggravated by the closure of four out of
six units of the nuclear power plant at Ko-
zloduy, Bulgaria, by 2006.
Bakou
ÉGYPTE
LIBYE
Moscow
Chisinau
Tbilisi
Erevan
Baku
Minsk
Warsaw
Ankara
Istanbul
Ceyhan
Ashkhabad
Tashkent
Dushanbe
Bishkek
Alma-Ata
New Delhi
GEORGIA
ARMENIA
AZERBAIJAN
Nakhitchevan
(Azer.)
TURKEY
BULGARIA
ROMANIA
MOLDOVA
UKRAINE
Kiev
HUNGARY
Budapest
SERBIA
GREECE
CYPRUS
SYRIA
LEBANON
ISRAEL
JORDAN
IRAQ
IRAN
TURKMENISTAN
UZBEKISTAN
TAJIKISTAN
KAZAKHSTAN
RUSSIA
RUSSIA
CHINA
PAKISTAN
AFGHANISTAN
INDIA
SAUDI
ARABIA
CZECH REP.
.
SLOVAKIA
MACEDONIA
Isfahan
Shiraz
Tabriz
Abadan
Tehran
Meshed
Kerman
Turkmenbashi
Astana
Aktau
Aterau
Kuvandyk
Karaganda
Atassu
Karakoya Kol
LAKE
BALKHA SH
Novossibirsk
ARAL
SEA
MEDITERRANEAN
BLACKSEA
AEGEAN
Tuapse
Novorossijsk
Krasnodar
Supsa
Chechnya
Samara
Volgograd
Ufa
Tyumen
Tomsk
Omsk
Erzurum
Orenburg
Alexandrov
Gaj
Bejneu
Burgas
Sofia
Bucharest
Alexandroupolis
Constanta
Odessa
GUNESHLI
CHIRAG
AZERI
TENGIZ
KASHA
CHECHNYABYPASS
GAN
Druzh ba
Alashanku
TRANSCASPIAN
CORRIDOR
CENTRALASIA–
CENTREGAS
PIPELINE (CAC-4)
WESTERNLEG
EASTERNLEG
GASPIPELINETAPI
OILPIPELINEBTC
GASPIPELINE
BTE
GASPIPELINE
BLUESTREAM
KCTS
(OILPIPELINETO
KURYKTHEN TANKERS)
TURKMENISTAN-CHINA
GASPIPELINE
POLAND
LANDS
NETHER-
AUSTRIA
LITHUANIA
LATVIA
ALBANIA
CROATIA
BOSNIA and
HERZEGOVINA
MONTENEGRO
Kosovo
SEAOF
AZOV
Saratov
Kazan
Rostov
CASPIANPIPELINE
CONSORTIUM-CPC
Neka
Brody
Vlorë
OIL
BAP
PIPELINE
AMBO
Belgrade
Omisalj
Gdansk
Prague
Trieste
Rostock
Saint Petersburg
Jaroslavl
Perm
Kherson
Niznij-
Novgorod
Vyborg
GASPIPELINE
NABUCCO
Berlin
BALTICAND
POLANDBYPASS:
NORTHERNEUROPEAN
GASPIPELINE
ANDBALTICOILPIPELINE (BPS)-
Primorsk
Greifswald
OILPIPELINE
ADRIA
REVERSAL
DRUJBA
EXPANSION
GASPIPELINE
YAMALEUROPE
TCGP
Crimea
ESTONIA
SWEDEN
DENMARK
GERMANY
SLOVENIA
RUSSIA
FINLAND
BALTICSEA
NORTH
SEA
Tallinn
Riga
Helsinki
Vilnius
KYRGYZSTAN
KAZAKHSTAN-CHINA
OILPIPELINE
Herat
Kabul
Islamabad
GASPIPELINE IPI
Kuryk
PALESTINE
Athens
Tirana
ITALY
Vienna
Bratislava
SWITZ.
CASPIAN
SEA
Bosphorus
KUWAIT
Abkhazia
BELARUS
Baghdad
Iujny
TANKERS
TANKERS
Political and economic alliances
of the GUAM: Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldavia
(a pro-western organisation)
of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
of the European Union
Major oil and gas pipeline projects
China
Russia
the United States
the European Union
Iran
of the Union of Russia and Belarus
Chossing a route: geostrategic ‘bypass’ policies
Territory which is largely not under state control and
where the security of oil and gas pipelines cannot
be guaranteed
Member and observer countries
of both the SCO and the Union of Russia and Belarus
The oil and gas pipeline ‘war’
Major oil and gas fields
Ex-USSR pipeline network
MAP BY PHILIPPE REKACEWICZ, 2007
Envisaged
Existing or under
construction
and/or renovation
Supported by
Other very important pipelines
Territory that players in the Great Game say should be avoided
when planning the transport of oil and gas from the point
of extraction to the main markets (US, Europe,
China and Japan)
KCTS
•
The US and European Union
are seeking at all costs to
establish supply lines across the southern Caucasus,
the Black Sea, and Turkey, thus avoiding Russian and
Iranian territory (although the Europeans are consider-
ing a gas pipeline across the north of Iran).
•
Russia
is trying to control the oil and gas routes across
transit countries (Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Hungary
and Poland). On 12 May 2007 it signed an agreement
with Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan to renovate the
CAC-4 gas pipeline, thus spoiling competing western
plans. It has also just commissioned a gas pipeline
allowing it to bypass Chechnya. Finally, Russia could
neutralise the Ukraine, Poland and the Baltic states as
transit countries by joining in the construction of gas
and oil pipelines across the Baltic sea (with direct
access to the German market) and from Burgas to
Alexandroupoli (avoiding, for historical and ecological
reasons, the Bosporus).
•
Azerbaijan
insists on bypassing its neighbour
Armenia, with which it is still in conflict.
Sources:Kazinform;WorldPressReview;Pravda;RiaNovosti;Agence
France-Presse (AFP);UnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy (USDOE),Energy
InformationAdministration (EIA);RadioFreeEurope -RadioLiberty (RFE-RL);
AsianDevelopmentBank;Eurasianet; InterstateOilandGasTransport to
Europe (Inogate);TransportCorridorEurope-Caucasus (Traceca),European
Union,Tacisprogramme,2005;EnergyMapof theMiddleEastandCaspianSea
Areas,PetroleumEconomist,London,2006; InternationalEnergyAgency (IEA);
JeanRadvanyiandNicolasBeroushashvili, ‘Atlas’, Institutnationaldes langues
etcivilisationsduCaucasusorientales (Inalco), tobepublishedat theendof
2007;SaltanatBerdikeevaandErinMark, ‘Russianenergypolitics’,Eurasia21,
2006;Nabucco,Energyministersconference ‘Securityofgas supplies inEurope’,
Vienna, June2006
NB:TheCaspianPipelineConsortium (CPC) is supportedbyRussiabuthasa
numberofUS,OmaniandKazakh shareholders