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smaller amplitude, smaller mucosal wave, greater asymmetry,
larger glottal gap, and greater supraglottal hyperactivity than
the control group.
Laryngotopography.
Three of the patients with VFA
(4.9%) revealed diplophonia almost constantly at a comfortable
pitch and sound pressure level. The VFA group had larger
N
G
-lateral phase difference than the control group
(
P
¼
0.034;
Table 2
). However, by gender, a significant differ-
ence was found only in females (
Tables 3
and
4
).
Single-line digital kymography.
With SLK, patients with
VFA revealed significantly greater O
q
SLK
(
P
< 0.001) and N
GL
-
integral glottal width (
P
¼
0.004;
Table 2
). Although O
q
SLK
TABLE 2.
Comparisons of High-Speed Digital Image Parameters Between the Control and VFA Groups
Parameter (Units)
Control (N
¼
20)
VFA (N
¼
46)
t
Test
Laryngotopography
N
G
-lateral phase difference (%)
3.8 ± 4.3
6.3 ± 4.3
0.034
*
N
G
-longitudinal phase difference (%)
14.4 ± 16.6
8.9 ± 13.6
0.175
Single-line digital kymography
N
L
-amplitude mean (%)
8.1 ± 2.7
8.6 ± 3.4
0.544
N
L
-mucosal wave magnitude mean (%)
18.6 ± 9.3
16.2 ± 7.9
0.321
O
q
SLK
0.57 ± 0.13
0.76 ± 0.17
<0.001
y
SI
SLK
0.19 ± 0.18
0.18 ± 0.18
0.906
N
G
-lateral phase difference (%)
9.9 ± 6.5
8.9 ± 10.4
0.689
N
GL
-integral glottal width (%)
4.5 ± 1.8
7.0 ± 3.5
0.004
z
Multi-line digital kymography
O
q
MLK
0.45 ± 0.11
0.66 ± 0.20
<0.001
y
SI
MLK
0.24 ± 0.16
0.25 ± 0.14
0.908
N
G
-opening longitudinal phase difference (%)
7.4 ± 19.2
7.3 ± 22.6
0.975
N
G
-closing longitudinal phase difference (%)
2.4 ± 19.9
1.6 ± 11.0
0.860
Glottal area waveform
O
q
GAW
0.80 ± 0.18
0.84 ± 0.17
0.908
SI
GAW
0.11 ± 0.23
0.06 ± 0.17
0.002
z
N
L
-maximal glottal area (%)
8.8 ± 3.1
16.7 ± 20.3
0.089
N
L
-minimal glottal area (%)
0.18 ± 0.53
0.63 ± 1.18
0.104
Glottal area difference index (%)
98.1 ± 5.0
94.1 ± 11.1
0.133
N
L
-glottal outlet (%)
61.8 ± 23.6
58.5 ± 21.9
0.592
Abbreviations
: VFA, vocal fold atrophy; N
G
-, normalized by glottal cycle; N
L
-, normalized by vocal fold length; Oq, open quotient; SLK, single-line kymography;
SI, speed index; N
GL
-, normalized by glottal cycle and vocal fold length; MLK, multi-line kymography; GAW, glottal area waveform.
Notes
: Values for control and VFA columns show ‘‘mean ± standard deviation,’’ and the value of
t
test column shows the
P
value of Student’s
t
test between all
control and VFA groups.
*
P
< 0.05.
y
P
< 0.001.
z
P
< 0.01.
TABLE 3.
Comparisons of High-Speed Digital Image Parameters Between the Control and VFA Groups in Females
Parameter (Units)
Control (N
¼
12)
VFA (N
¼
13)
t
Test
Laryngotopography
N
G
-lateral phase difference (%)
3.1 ± 4.2
7.3 ± 3.6
0.016
*
Single-line digital kymography
O
q
SLK
0.58 ± 0.14
0.77 ± 0.14
0.003
y
N
GL
-integral glottal width (%)
4.4 ± 1.6
5.2 ± 1.8
0.241
Multi-line digital kymography
O
q
MLK
0.46 ± 0.13
0.69 ± 0.21
0.004
y
Glottal area waveform
SI
GAW
0.076 ± 0.260
0.032 ± 0.177
0.261
Abbreviations:
VFA, vocal fold atrophy; N
G
-, normalized (by glottal cycle); O
q
, open quotient; SLK, single-line kymography; N
GL
-, normalized by glottal cycle and
vocal fold length; MLK, multi-line kymography; SI, speed index; GAW, glottal area waveform.
Notes:
Values for control and VFA columns show ‘‘mean ± standard deviation,’’ and the
t
test column shows the
P
value of Student’s
t
test between female con-
trol and female VFA groups.
*
P
< 0.05.
y
P
< 0.01.
Journal of Voice, Vol.
-
, No.
-
, 2015
93