Agency and Freedom in Neo-Functionalist Action

784 SOCIAL RESEARCH

nineteenth-century social theory

fact that after the romantic idealistic reaction to the rationalis-

tic theory of the Enlightenment,21 subsequent systems of

social theory have been characterized by different forms of

combination and integration of the rationalistic and idealistic

theories.22 With the exception of Jeremy Bentham23 one can

hardly find a positivist like the eighteenth-century Enlighten-

ment philosophers in nineteenth-century social theory. Al-

though a historical critique may also pose questions about the

novelty of Parsons's voluntaristic and multidimensional action

theory, this paper does not aim at an historical analysis.

Neofunctionalism in Alexander's sense deals with the

general and transcendental presuppositional categories o

action theory and for that reason does not imply any specific

political standpoint. That is why Alexander finds the debat

between conflict and consensus theorists with their correspond-

ing politics outside the realm of a general action theory24 Thi

implies that the analysis of power and domination

considered to be a negative and residual issue in neofunction

alism. However, neofunctionalism talks about instrumental

and physical coercion in its theoretical framework. In fact, as

noted, it is precisely the inadequacy of basing order upon

coercion which leads voluntaristic theory to the affirmation o

a collective and normative foundation of social order. One

might ask why the analysis of physical domination belongs to

the general level of action theory while the question of

ideological domination is explicitly defined as lacking the

generality of the categories of action theory. This is particu-

larly surprising when we find the question of freedom and

agency of actors the heart of both Parsonian voluntaristic

21 A representative work of romantic political theory is Friedrich von Schlegel, The

Philosophy of History (London: Bohn, 1852).

22 Examples of the syntheses are Marxism, positivism, liberalism, and nihilism.

23 Jeremy Bentham, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (London:

Methuen, 1982).

24 Alexander, Positivism, pp. 50-55.

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