136
ACQ
Volume 13, Number 3 2011
ACQ
uiring Knowledge in Speech, Language and Hearing
Taiying Lee
is a speech-language therapist working in Special
Education, Ministry of Education with specific research interests in
bilingual speech and language development and disorders in children,
particularly in Chinese dialects.
Dr Elaine Ballard
is a lecturer in the
Speech Science division of the Department of Psychology at the
University of Auckland whose research interests include speech and
language development in bilingual populations.
Correspondence to:
Taiying Lee
Speech Language Therapist
Ministry of Education, Special Education
PO Box 217 046
Botany Junction
Manukau 2164, New Zealand
phone: +64 (09) 2653019
Email:
taiying.lee@minedu.govt.nzperiod=2006&productlabel=Country%20of%20Birth%20
of%20Person%20by%20Year%20of%20Arrival%20in%20
Australia&producttype=Census%20
Tables&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20
Residence&areacode=0
Dodd, B., Zhu, H., Crosbie, S., Holm, A. & Ozanne, A.
(2002).
Diagnostic evaluation of articulation and phonology:
Manual
. London: The Psychological Corporation.
Duanmu, S. (2008).
The phonology of standard Chinese
.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Geneese, F., Paradis, J., & Crago, M. B. (2004).
Dual
language development & disorders: A handbook on
bilingualism & second language learning
. Baltimore, MA:
Paul H Brookes.
Gudykunst, W. B., Matsumoto, Y., Ting-Toomey, S.,
Nishida, T., Kim, K., & Heyman, S. (1996). The influence
of cultural individualism-collectivism, self construals, and
individual values on communication styles across cultures.
Human Communication Research
,
22
(4), 510–543.
Hwa-Froehlich, D. A., & Vigil, D. C. (2004). Three aspects
of cultural influence on communication: A literature review.
Communication Disorders Quarterly
,
25
(107), 107–118.
Holm, A., & Dodd, B. (1999). A longitudinal study of
the phonological development of two Cantonese–English
bilingual children.
Applied Psycholinguistics
,
20
, 349–376.
Kohnert, K. (2007). Primary developmental language
disorders in bilingual children. In K. Kohnert.
Language
disorders in bilingual children and adults
(pp. 83–110). San
Diego, CA: Plural.
Lee, T., & Ballard, E. (2010, May).
Establishing norms
for the phonological development of Mandarin–English
bilingual school aged children: Initial findings for 7 year olds
.
Poster presented at Speech Pathology Australia National
Conference, Melbourne.
Lewis, M. P. (Ed.). (2009)
Ethnologue: Languages of the
world
(16th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International.
Lin, C., & Johnson, C. (2010). Phonological patterns
in Mandarin–English bilingual children.
Journal of Clinical
Linguistics and Phonetics
.
24
(4–5), 369–386.
Norman, J. (1988).
Chinese
. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University.
So, L.K.H., & Zhou, J. (2000).
Putonghua Segmental
Phonology Test
. Nanjing: Nanjing Normal University Press.
Statistics New Zealand. (2006).
QuickStats about culture
and identity: Asian
. Retrieved from
http://www.stats.govt.
nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-
about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/asian.aspx
Wan, I., & Jaeger, J. (2003). The phonological
representation of Taiwan Mandarin vowels: A
psycholinguistic study.
Journal of East Asian Linguistics
,
12
(3), 205–257.
Zhu, H. (2002).
Phonological development in specific
contexts: Studies of Chinese-speaking children
. Clevedon:
Multilingual Matters.
Zhu, H. (2006). The normal and disordered phonology of
Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese)-speaking children.
In H. Zhu & B. Dodd (Eds.).
Phonological development
and disorders in children: A multilingual perspective
(pp
81–108). Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Zhu, H., & Dodd, B. (Eds.). (2006).
Phonological
development and disorders in children: A multilingual
perspective
. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.
Box 3: Practical considerations in implementing
therapy
Therapy and therapeutic interventions
• Families may view the clinician as a ‘specialist’ whose role is to
“fix” the child.
• Be aware of the differences in the Mandarin and English
phonologies. These must be considered if therapy goals are to be
appropriate.
• After considering family dynamics it may be appropriate to involve
the wider family in discussions about interventions.
• With home programs, it is important to find out who will be most
likely to work with the child and discuss the activities specifically
with them.
• Clearly explain any home program. Place emphasis on the clinical
rationale behind the activities and if possible, the likely outcomes
thereof. Go through what you would like the family to do. Be
specific and give clear examples.
• Negotiate how the family is going to work on the therapy targets.
Keep the therapy goals and rationale in mind as opposed to
interaction style. For example, praising the child for achieving a
target is expressed differently in different cultures.
• Take time to discuss how the family can incorporate goals
into their everyday life. Discuss how they will undertake and
incorporate the activities suggested.