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21
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Perfect passive
The perfect passive tells us what
has been done
to the subject, e.g.
‘I have been loved’ or ‘I was loved’. It is formed by taking the Perfect
(or Past) Participle Passive (the PPP), and combining it with the verb
‘to be’. The PPP of a verb is formed from the
supine stem
, found in
the 4th principal part. All you have to do is change the
-um
to
-us
.
(Now you know why we have been encouraging you to learn all four
principal parts of your verbs.)
amāt-us, -a, -um sum
Ihavebeenloved
amāt-us -a, -um es
You(sing.)havebeenloved
amāt-us, -a, -um est
He,she,ithasbeenloved
amāt-ī, -ae, -a
sumus
Wehavebeenloved
amāt-ī, -ae, -a
estis
You(pl.)havebeenloved
amāt-ī, -ae, -a
sunt
Theyhavebeenloved
Note that the PPP is an adjective, declining like
bonus
. If the subject
is masculine and singular, the ending is
-us
. But if it is feminine, this
becomes
-a
, and so on.
Thus: He has been loved (or was loved) =
amātus est.
She has been loved (or was loved) =
amāta est.
The boys have been loved (or were loved) =
puerī amātī sunt.
The girls have been loved (or were loved) =
puellaeamātae sunt.
Exercise 3.1
Studytheinformationaboveabouttheperfectpassive.Writeouttheperfect
passive(assumingamasculinesubject)of:
1
moneō
2
regō
3
audiō
4
capiō
The perfect and
pluperfect passive; three
termination adjectives
3
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3 Theperfectandpluperfectpassive;threeterminationadjectives
22
Exercise 3.2
TranslateintoEnglish.NotehowthePPPchangestoagreewiththesubject.E.g.
insentence1,
missus
becomes
missae
toagreewiththesubject(
nāvēs
,whichis
feminineplural).
1
paucaenāvēs ad īnsulammultīs cummīlitibus*missae sunt.
2
mīles āprīncipenovō laudātus est.
3
paucāsnoctēsurbs abhostibusoppugnābātur.
4
puellaper viāsurbisducta est.
5
hōraproeliīpopulōRōmānōnūntiāta est.
6
‘nostrī’** inquit ‘abhostibusnumquam superābuntur.’
7
nunc cibus inoppidum ā līberīsprīncipisportātur.
8
ancillaemiserae ā rēgīnā crūdēlīmultōsdiēspūnītae sunt.
9
‘auxilium’ inquiunt ‘ā cōpiīsnovīsdatum est.’
10
multī clāmōrēs inoppidō audītī sunt.
*
multīs cummīlitibus
ismorestylishLatinthan
cummultīsmīlitibus
.The
prepositionlikestoprecedethenoun,nottheadjective.Therefore,as
multus
comesbeforeitsnoun,ratherthanafterit,theprepositionhastodiveinbetween
itandthesoldiers.
**Remember,whenanadjectiveisusedwithoutanoun,youunderstandmenin
themasculine,womeninthefeminineandthingsintheneuter.
E.g.
bonī semper laudantur
=goodmenarealwayspraised.
Exercise 3.3
TranslateintoLatin,rememberingtomakethePPPagreewiththesubject:
1
Theboyhasbeencalled.
2
Thegirlhasbeencalled.
3
Thewarhasbeenprepared.
4
Theboyshavebeentaught.
5
Thegirlshavebeenwatched.
6
Thewarswerewagedbyourmen.
7
Thesoldiershavebeenseenbytheenemy.
8
Thecitywasattackedbyafewslaves.
9
TheRomanswereterrifiedbythenewking.
10
Partofthecitywasdestroyedbytheyoungmen.
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Latin for Common Entrance Three – Chapter 3: The perfect and pluperfect passive
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