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133
THE CREATION OF NEW STATES AND
DE FACTO
REGIMES, AND THE CASE OF CRIMEA
international public law which are different., The International Court of Justice made
a statement in this sense as well in its Advisory Opinion on Reparation for injuries
suffered in the service of the United Nations
6
of 1949. According to this Opinion
“The subjects of law in any legal system are not necessarily identical in their nature or in
the extent of their rights, and their nature depends upon the needs of the community.”
For example, sovereign states have full capacity to rights and duties; they have
standard setting capacity. An individual has no such standard setting capacity. The
extent of rights and duties of international organizations and their standard setting
capacity is more limited than that of sovereign states. Some entities (states) are
full
subjects of international law; others have only partial personality (international
organizations).
The necessary prerequisite for considering a person (entity) a subject of international
public law is its
capacity to rights and duties
and the requirement that these
rights and
duties are directly ascribed
7
to this person (entity).
2. Creation of a sovereign state
Sovereign states
are the main subjects of international law. The unique position
of the state arises from the fact that it is the bearer of sovereign authority which is
unique and not derived from any other authority.
General international law
accepted the conclusions of general law doctrine about
the three constitutive elements of a state: a people, a territory, a government and
sovereignty exercised on the given territory.
8
The state as a person of international
law should possess the following qualifications: a) a permanent population; b) a defined
territory; c) government; and d) capacity to enter into relations with the other states
.
These features were drawn in the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties
of States
9
of 1933. This Convention was concluded only among the Latin American
states, but, considering that the rules contained in it are practically recognized by all
states, it is generally accepted.
According to Malenovský,
10
however, current international law is a legal framework
where the
principle of effectiveness
is regulated by other principles, among them by the
principle of legitimacy.
Even an entity which does not prove the factual existence of all
6
Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, I.C.J. Reports 1949, paragraph
178. Český překlad in : ŠTURMA, P. a kol.
Casebook. Výběr případů z mezinárodního práva veřejného.
2. doplněné vydání. Praha: Univerzita Karlova Právnická fakulta, 2010, s.33 a násl.
7
MALENOVSKÝ, J.
Mezinárodní právo veřejné jeho obecná část a poměr k jiným právním systémům,
zvláště k právu českému.
5. vydání, Brno: nakl. Doplněk, 2008, s. 104.
8
Ibid
., s. 108.
9
Text Úmluvy in: ONDŘEJ, J., Potočný, M.
Obecné mezinárodní právo v dokumentech
. 3. vydání. Praha:
C.H. Beck, 2010.
10
Supra
n. 7, s. 108.