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Eternal India
encyclopedia
Ancient Concepts, Sciences & Systems
Date
Scientific and Technological Developments
Remarks
Rugviniscaya
of Madhava; emphasis on diagnostic methods.
Also called
Madhavanidana;
translated
into Arabic under the title
Badon
Use of the Persian water-wheel (
araghatta
)
.
Astangahrdaya
of Vagbhata; an authoritative compilation
Rendered into Arabic under the title
of the Ayurvedic knowledge based on the earlier works.
Astankar
9th-
Ganitasarasamgraha
of Mahavira operations-involving zero and summation
Flourished in Mysore
10th C A.D.
of
n
terms of Geometrical Progression.
Krish-Parasara
and
Vrkasayurveda.
Manuals on agriculture and botany
Alchemical practices;
Rasahrdaya
of Govinda Bhagavat
As part of tantrik practice
Siddha system of medicine.
Mostly followed in Tamilnadu; use of
mainly mineral medicines
Munjala's elucidation of the procession of equinoxes
As against the earlier libration concept
11th -
12th C A.D.
Sridhara's method of solving quadratic equations.
Siddhantasiromani
of Bhaskara II: astronomical and mathematical work in 4
Influenced later astronomers and mathe-
parts; cakravala method for rational integral solutions of the indeterminate
maticians; a number of commentaries
equation of the second order; geometric proof of the Pythagorean theorem;
followed; represents the height of Indian
root idea of differential calculus; further elaboration of epicyclic-eccentric
astronomy & mathematics.
theories for planetary motions; analysis of the motion of the sun by consider-
ing longitudinal changes.
Manasollasa
of Somadeva; alchemical ideas; iron casting; perfumery
Encyclopaedic work
Knowledge of paper-making
Derived possibly from Nepal and Arabia
Unani Tibb.
Incorporation of Persian, Arabic medical
Metal stirrup; introduction of paper.
& Ayurvedic knowledge from Central
Asia.
13th -
Sarangdhara Samhita:
opium in its materia medica, urine and pulse exam-
Foreign influences
15th C A.D.
nation for diagnositic purpose
Rasastra
texts:
Rasarnava, Rasartnakara; Rasaratnasamuccaya,
etc.; classi-
fication of alchemical and iatrochemical substances, details of experimental
techniques.
Narayana Pandita: further refinement of arithmetic and algebraic
operations.
Skill in complex chemical processess
Paramesvara, a prolific commentator on earlier astronomical and mathematical
works.
Belonged to Kerala family of astronomers
Nilakantha Somasutvan: elucidation of astronomical ideas
Of the Aryabhatiya school
Pyrotechnics
Production centres in the south
16th C A.D.
Ganesa Daivajfia, astronomical and mathematical commentator; Divakara
family of astronomers and mathematicians.
Maharashtra school
More
Rasashtra
texts; use of mercurial and non-mercurial compositions as
Iatro-chemistry became established
internal medicine becomes widespread.
Bhavaprakasa;
extensive materia medica; treatment of syphilis.
Gunpowder and guns.
'Ain-i'Akbari:
astronomical ideas; crafts; agriculture and animal husbandry;
Largely used during the Mughal period.
perfumery; pyrotechnics.
Advent of the Portuguese physician Garcia da Orta, introduction
Publication of Garcia's
Colloquies
(1565)
of new economic plants.
Note
: For Chronology of Scientific and Technological Developments from 17th C -1900 Refer Sec.
S Science & Technology —
S 15-16