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General Analytical Needs
▪
Method should
▪
Identify and quantify relevant phenolic compounds (caftaric acid, cichoric acid,
chlorogenic acid, cynarine, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, echinacoside) in
Echinacea
angustifolia
,
Echinacea pallida
, and
Echinacea purpurea
raw materials and a variety of
dietary supplements in which echinacea (crude powdered or extracted) materials is a
dietary ingredient
▪
Identify
Echinacea angustifolia
,
Echinacea pallida
, and
Echinacea purpurea
adulterants
in dietary supplement raw materials and finished products
Challenges
▪
Variety of matrixes on the market:
▪
Powdered crude raw material, hydroalcoholic extracts, glycerin-water extracts, press juices
▪
Combination products of echinacea with goldenseal (
Hydrastis canadensis
) and many other
botanical ingredients, vitamins and minerals
▪
Phenolic compound stability: susceptibility to oxidation and enzymatic degradation
▪
Purity of standards
▪
Confusion in nomenclature of cynarine, and correct configuration of cynarine and 1,5-
dicaffeoylquinic acid reference materials
▪
Transesterification of 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid to cynarine has been observed in
artichoke (
Cynara scolymus
) after high temperature extraction