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Background on the Plant Material (continued)
▪
The phytochemicals responsible for the immunostimulant properties of
Echinacea
spp. are not known
▪
The following compound classes have been linked to bioactivity:
▪
Alkylamides (alkamides)
▪
Phenolic compounds
▪
Polysaccharides
▪
LPS and lipoproteins produced by bacterial endophytes
Background on the
Echinacea
phenolics
Cichoric
acid
Caftaric
acid
Echinacoside Chlorogenic
acid
Cynarine
1
E. angustifolia
<LOD – 0.05 <LOD – 0.02 0.13 – 1.70 <LOD – 0.15 0.07 – 0.34
E. pallida
<LOD – 0.22 0.01 – 0.08 0.13 – 1.27 <LOD – 0.30 <LOD
E. purpura
root
0.33 – 2.78 0.35 – 0.80
<LOD
<LOD – 0.19 <LOD
E. purpurea
tops
0.52 – 2.20 0.18 – 0.85
<LOD
<LOD – 0.03 <LOD
Concentrations in % of dried plant part
References: Brown
et al
. 2011,
JAOAC Int
. 94(5): 1400–1410; Perry
et al
. 2001,
J Agric Food Chem
. 49(4): 1702-1706; Laasonen
et al
. 2002,
Planta Med
. 68: 572 –
574; Pellati
et al
. 2005,
Phytochem Anal
. 16(2): 77 – 85. Blaschek. In: Wichtl – Teedrogen und Phytopharmaka, 2016.
Cynarine
Cichoric acid
Caftaric acid
Echinacoside
1
Syn. 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid
(1
R
,3
R
,4
S
,5
R
)-1,3-bis[[(
E
)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid