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I
L’A
TLAS
DU
M
ONDE
DIPLOMATIQUE
Planet in peril
Waste, recyclers and
recycled
The mountain of waste resulting from
mass production and consumption is
growing increasingly cumbersome for
our urban societies. Not only are their
populations growing fast and consu-
mingmore, but the average service life
of frequently “over-packaged” consu-
mer goods is decreasing. Modern pro-
ducts contain an increasing number
of materials that are difficult to break
down, in particular certain plastics. As
fewer resources are available for waste
management than for the production
of consumer goods, it will be an uphill
struggle to slow the accumulation of
waste, particularly in view of the rate at
which some densely populated Asian
countries are growing.
As for the import and export of
waste, the first big surprise is how
difficult it is to collate data. The Basel
Convention, started in 1989 under
the aegis of the United Nations, is an
intergovernmental body tasked with
monitoring and regulating the pro-
duction and cross-border movement
of waste. It provides figures that are
difficult to interpret.
About 30 countries have so far
refused to ratify the convention and do
not publish any statistics. More surpri-
singly 110 of the 165 members states
do not provide any data. Their number
includes Norway, despite it boasting
a highly progressive environmental
policy. The lack of statistics is due to
the complexity of the procedures for
submitting figures and disparities
between the assessment methods used
by various countries.
However even incomplete data
reveals several interesting points. The
volume of waste in transit has substan-
tially increased. For the 50 countries
filing data the amount has increased
from 2m tonnes in 1993 to 8.5m ton-
nes in 2001. Trade between countries
belonging to the Organisation for Eco-
nomic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) accounted for three-quarters
of the total. Almost all the waste was
classified as “hazardous”, a tricky term
in itself, as even apparently harmless
waste may generate risks if improperly
managed.
During the 1980s environmental
standards became much stricter in
Promoting growth based
on intensive productivity
and consumption has major
disadvantages, one of the
most serious being the huge
volume of waste produced and
the problem of its disposal.
Statistics fail to convey the
full measure of the problem,
particularly for industrial
waste, now a commodity for
international trade transported
long distances around the world.
(Japan)
Tachkent
Kaboul
Bichkek
Douchanbe
(Mer du japon)
CACHEMIRE
Paracel
Pyongyang
Rangoon
Jakar
Manila
Sea of
Oman
180 sites
Golfe du
Bengale
I
n
d
u
s
Islamabad
MALAYSIE
CAMBODGE
THAÏLANDE
LAOS
AFGHANISTAN
TADJIKISTAN
KIRGHIZSTAN
COREE DU NORD
SRI
LANKA
BHOUTAN
Indian
Ocean
Pacific
Ocean
South
JAPAN
AUSTRALIA
Pekin
Taizhu
Guiyu
Sher Shah
Madras
Ahmedabad
Alang
Kao-hsiung
Shanghai
From Golf
From North America
From Europe
0
1 000
2 000 km
retired cargo ships
retired cargo ships
electronic waste
electronic waste
know supposed
Main transit ports
Main flows
Sources: Basel Action Network (BAN); Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition; Toxics Link
India, SCOPE (Pakistan); Greenpeace; International Labour Organisation (ILO);
International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Les déchets électroniques et les cargos empoisonnent l’Asie