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ANA POLAK PETRIČ
CYIL 5 ȍ2014Ȏ
The right of assisting States to offer assistance corresponds to these facts and
also to the requirement of consent, which is based on the sovereignty of the affected
State.
91
The right to offer assistance thus does not mean a duty to accept it. Or,
in other words, the duty not to intervene in the internal affairs of another State
is a limit to the right to offer relief. The question however remains if the assisting
States have a responsibility or duty to provide assistance in the event of disasters.
Due to an assertive negative opinion of States on this issue, it is difficult to conclude
that the duty to provide assistance exists in international law.
92
The concepts
of international solidarity and the international protection of human rights are
discussed as a possible basis for such obligation, but it is impossible to prove that
the moral obligation which, deriving from these principles, has (yet) developed into
a legal one.
93
The duty to provide assistance via assisting actors would eventually and
in line with the right to humanitarian assistance become relevant in situations where
the affected State is unable to protect its citizens and the assistance from aboard is
necessary for their survival. Do other States and organizations in such a case have
the responsibility to protect all human beings whose life or basic human rights are
immediately threatened by natural disasters? The establishment of the duty to provide
assistance in such a case would lead to the recognition of the duty of the affected State
to accept offered assistance. The opposite solution, whereby third parties are obliged to
provide any assistance requested, but the affected State is entitled to refuse it, makes no
sense from the aspect of better protection of human rights.
94
The duty to provide
assistance is also problematic from the point of view of the sovereignty of the
assisting States, their capacities to offer assistance, as well as the formal rejection of
the concept of ‘responsibility to protect’ and the eventual ‘secondary responsibility’
of the international community in the event of natural disasters.
95
To conclude, so
91
The right of assisting States and organizations to offer assistance is referred to in the Kampala Convention
for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa [article 5 (6)], the Guiding
Principles on Internal Displacement [principle 25 (2)], the ILC Draft articles on the Protection of
Persons in the Event of Disasters (draft article 12), the Bruges Resolution on Humanitarian Assistance
[article IV (1)], and the Guiding Principles on the Rights to Humanitarian Assistance (principle 5).
92
States expressed their views in the UN GA Sixth Committee while discussing the ILC draft articles on
‘Protection of Persons in the Event of Disasters’. See, ILC, Fifth report on the protection of persons
in the event of disasters by Special Rapporteur, UN Doc A/CN.4/652. Compare with the Principles and
Rules of Red Cross and Red Crescent Disaster Relief, which declare that the International Red Cross has
a fundamental duty to provide relief to all disaster victims (principle 2.1.). In addition, the Code of Conduct
for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations in
Disaster Relief provides that the International Red Cross Movement and non-governmental organizations
in disaster relief have an obligation to provide humanitarian assistance wherever it is needed (principle 1).
Note that this duty applies only to the Red Cross and non-State actors.
93
Bothe, M., Relief Actions, in: Bernhardt, R.,
Encyclopaedia of Public International Law
, No. 4., Elsevier
Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1982, p. 175.
94
ILC, Sixty-third session, Provisional summary record of the 3105th meeting, UN Doc A/CN.4/
SR.3105, p. 7.
95
Implementing the responsibility to protect, Report of the Secretary-General, UN Doc A/63/677, para. 10.