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RISK FACTORS

04

4.4 Industrial and environmental risks

4.4.1.

NUCLEAR RISKS

4.4.1.1.

RISKS OF NUCLEAR ORIGIN

Risks of nuclear origin relate to the characteristics of radioactive substances. These

risks thus concern all of the group’s industrial facilities in which these substances

are found, whether regulated nuclear facility, regulated defense nuclear facility,

environmentally regulated facility or mining operations.

Risk prevention is based on a systemic and systematic analysis of the risks specific

to each facility or activity undertaken and on the definition of means for preventing

events of concern, for detecting and managing incidents and accidents, and

for limiting their potential consequences, based on defense-in-depth principles.

These principles involve a systematic analysis of potential technical, human or

organizational failures, and definition and implementation of a series of independent

lines of defense to protect against the consequences of those failures.

These principles are implemented during the facility design phase, during the

industrial production phase, and during cleanup and dismantling after the end of

production operations.

Dissemination of radioactive materials which could lead

to contamination

Radioactive materials in solid, liquid or gaseous form may disperse and lead

to human and environmental contamination if they are insufficiently contained.

Controlling this risk consists above all of limiting the dispersion of those substances

from the facilities under all operating conditions, both normal and accidental, as

well as after shutdown, in particular by interposing suitable containment barriers

and ventilation systems.

Radiation

There is a risk of exposure to radiation whenever a person works in the presence

of radioactive materials.

The estimated biological impacts of radiation on the human body are generally

expressed in millisieverts (mSv). The annual regulatory limits are as follows:

p

in the European Union, 1 mSv per year for the general public above naturally

occurring radioactivity, and 100 mSv over five consecutive years for employees,

not to exceed 50 mSv in any one year;

p

in the United States, 1 mSv per year for the general public and 50 mSv per year

for employees;

p

in France, the maximum regulatory limit for employees is 20 mSv/year. AREVA

applies this maximum limit to all of its employees and subcontractors in all of

its facilities and operations, regardless of the country in which they are located.

Collective protection and monitoring systems are installed to limit radiation at the

source and optimize the doses received to levels that are as low as reasonably

achievable (ALARA). In addition and if necessary, the working time of operators

is limited. The group applies the ALARA principle, which holds that every action

will be taken to reduce exposure to radiation as long as it is reasonable from the

technical, economic, social and organizational standpoints. The radiation protection

departments continually verify compliance with this principle of optimization.

After a job study and approval by the occupational health physician, all operators

and workers qualified for work in a radioactive environment receive thorough

medical and radiological follow-up. Regular training sessions are held to maintain

their knowledge at the appropriate level, in accordance with applicable regulations.

The results achieved (see Appendix 3.

Social, environmental and societal

responsibility

) testify to the effectiveness of these practices and the good level of

radiation protection control in the group.

Criticality

The risk of a criticality accident corresponds to the risk of an uncontrolled chain

reaction with a brief and intense emission of neutrons, accompanied by radiation.

This risk, should it materialize, would result in irradiation of workers or individuals

located near the event, causing lesions proportional in seriousness to the intensity

of the radiation received. This risk is addressed in any facility likely to receive fissile

materials.

The prevention of this risk is based on limiting the factors leading to uncontrolled

chain reactions. This limitation is factored into the design (e.g. equipment geometry)

or operating requirements (e.g. mass limitation). In areas of facilities representing

the greatest risk, prevention measures are strengthened with the use of shielding

to sharply reduce the consequences of a potential criticality incident for personnel,

and with the installation of a criticality accident detection, alarm and measurement

system.

For transportation, nuclear safety and criticality under both normal and accidental

operating conditions are verified. Transportation regulations set forth rules for

storage during transit, particularly in terms of the criticality risk.

Thermal releases and radiolysis

Matter absorbs the energy produced by intense radiation, which can lead to increase

temperatures. The energy is removed to control the temperature increase and

prevent the dispersion of radioactive materials. Cooling is provided by redundant

cooling systems with heat exchangers and ventilation systems.

Radiolysis corresponds to the decomposition of a hydrogenated compound

(especially water) when exposed to radiation, leading to the release of hydrogen.

In normal operations, the facilities are designed to limit hydrogen concentrations

by flushing the equipment with air. A backup system is added if a loss of normal

flushing capacity can cause concentrations to rise to the limit value in a few hours

or tens of hours.

4.4.1.2.

INTERNAL RISKS THAT COULD LEAD TO NUCLEAR

RISK

As in any industrial activity, facility operations and the presence of personnel also

give rise to risk. Since such incidents could affect equipment important to nuclear

safety, strong prevention measures are taken in the nuclear industry. Prevention is

based on factoring the potential causes of malfunctions into the design or operating

instructions and on limiting their possible consequences.

The most frequently encountered conventional risks are:

p

risks associated with the handling and use of hoisting, transfer and positioning

equipment;

p

risks of fire and internal explosion;

p

risks related to the use of chemical reagents or toxic raw materials such as HF

or UF

6

;

22

2016 AREVA

REFERENCE DOCUMENT