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based aquaculture (UNEP 2011b). The Marine Protected Areas
are similar in that the objective is to protect special habitats
or species through no-take reserves, maintain livelihoods,
facilitate restoration or control access to an area. In the San
Andres Archipelago in Colombia, an MPA was established in
2000 as a first step towards EBM, to conserve the largest open
ocean coral reefs in the Caribbean as well as protecting the
livelihoods and tenure of the people (Agardy 2010).
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) aims to achieve
sustainable use of the coast by coordinating the initiatives of
various coastal economic sectors, such as agriculture, fisheries
and shipping, targeting all levels of governance and encouraging
the involvement of all stakeholders in the planning of
management strategies for the coast (Clark1992; Post and Lundin
1996). The link between eutrophication of water bodies due to
agricultural pollution and reduced fish stocks is one example of
the inter-linkage between human land-based activities and water
bodies. In worst-case scenarios, agricultural runoff and seepage
of phosphorus and nitrogen into water systems create so-called
‘dead zones’ that impact fish populations and other aquatic
biodiversity. Such negative side effects can be avoided through
ICZM (Clark 1992). ICZM can therefore serve as a good starting
point for EBM. From assessing the sustainable use of coastal
areas, EBM can further link land use activities in the coastal zone
to the ocean (UNEP 2011b).