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How do cells die?
Type of death
Morphology
Biochemistry
Detec6on
Nucleus
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Apoptosis
Chroma6n condensa6on
Blebbing
Fragmenta6on
Caspase-‐dependent
Electron microscopy
(Programmed I)
Nuclear fragmenta6on
(Apopto6c bodies)
TUNEL
DNA laddering
DNA fragmenta6on
Mitochondrial membrane poten6al
Caspase ac6vity
Autophagy
Par6al chroma6n
Blebbing
Autophagic vesicles
Lysosomal ac6vity
Electron microscopy
(Programmed II)
condensa6on
Protein degrada6on
Autophagosome membrane markers
Necrosis
Random DNA fragmenta6on
Rupture
Swelling
Electron microscopy
(Programmed III)
DNA clumping
Vacuola6on
Nuclear staining (loss)
Organelle degenera6on
Tissue inflamma6on
Mitochondrial swelling
Senescence
Heterochroma6c foci
FlaOening
SA-‐β-‐gal ac6vity
Electron microscopy
Granularity
SA-‐β-‐gal staining
Prolifera6on, P-‐pRB (loss)
p53, INK4A, ARF (increased)
Mito6c catastrophe
Micronuclei
CDK1/cyclinB ac6va6on
Electron microscopy
Nuclear fragmenta6on
Mito6c markers (MPM2)