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F. Imaging Studies.............................................................................. 113
1. Mandible Series........................................................................ 113
2. Panorex....................................................................................... 113
3. CT Scan.......................................................................................114
4. MRI Scan....................................................................................114
5. Occlusal View...........................................................................114
6. Periapical Radiographs............................................................114
V. Surgical Management
....................................................................... 115
A. Indications for Surgery.................................................................. 115
1. Indications for Closed Reduction......................................... 115
2. Contraindications to Closed Reduction..............................116
3. Indications for Open Reduction............................................116
B. Timing of Surgical Procedures....................................................116
C. Surgical Exposure Options...........................................................116
1. Closed Reduction.....................................................................118
2. Open Reduction.......................................................................120
3. Osteosynthesis........................................................................ 122
4. Surgical Treatment ................................................................. 123
VI. Prevention and Management of Complications
........................ 126
A. Infection Prevention...................................................................... 126
B. Teeth in Line of Fracture.............................................................. 126
C. Delayed Union and Nonunion.................................................... 126
D. Malunion......................................................................................... 127
E. TMJ Ankylosis................................................................................ 127
F. Trigeminal (Fifth) Nerve Injury.................................................. 127
G. Facial (Seventh) Nerve Injury..................................................... 127
H. Fixation Failure............................................................................... 128
VII. Pediatric Mandibular Fractures
...................................................... 128
A. Pediatric Dental and Skeletal Anatomy................................... 128
B. Frequency of Pediatric Mandibular Fractures........................ 129
C. Management of Pediatric Mandibular Fractures.................. 129
1. Imaging Pediatric Mandibular Fractures........................... 129
2. Treating Pediatric Mandibular Fractures...........................130
3. Treating Pediatric Condylar Fractures................................. 131
4. Treating Pediatric Body and Angle Fractures................... 132
5. Treating Pediatric Dentoalveolar Fractures...................... 132
VIII. References
............................................................................................ 132
Chapter 6: Temporal Bone Trauma
............................................................140
I.
Anatomic Structures of the Temporal Bone
.................................141
A. Components and Important Relationships of the
Temporal Bone................................................................................141