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Wines
and
Wine
Making
Wine
presses
are
of
various
patterns.
In
many
wine-making
establishments
iron
presses
have
supplanted
wooden
ones,
over
which
they
possess
the ad-
vantages
of
greater
cleanliness
and
non-absorption
of
the
must.
The
wine
press
in
general
use
in
the
Gironde
con-
sists
of
a
tall,
round
basket,
made
of
perpendicular
laths.
The
fruit
is
placed
in
this
basket,
and
upon
the
fruit
a
wooden
block,
to
which
a
screw
is
attached;
a
nut
works
upon
the
screw
from
above
downward
and
presses
the
wooden
block
upon
the
fruit,
the
liquid
from
which
is
forced
out
through
the
laths
and
collected.
In
the
manufacture
of
champagne
and
some
red
wines,
very
powerful
presses
are
employed,
but
these
possess
the
objection
of
pressing
the
fixed
oil
from
the
pips
and an
unpleasantly
tasting
juice
from
the
stalks,
and
thereby
damaging
the
product.
In
some
establishments
centrif-
ugal
machines
have
been
used,
not
only
with
the
result
of
yielding
a
better
wine,
but
of
effecting
a
considerable
gain
in
time
and
labor.
The
must,
being
received
into
proper
receptacles,
next
undergoes
the
vinous
fermentation.
In
the
case
of
white
wines
the
must
is
kept
separate
from
that
subsequently
procured
by
submitting
the husks,
pips
and
stalks
to
ad-
ditional
pressure,
and
is
sold
as
the
first
or
superior
wine.
But
with
red
wines
the
husks
(and
in
some
cases
the
marc)
are
thrown
into
the
fermenting
vat,
by
which
means
the
wine
acquires
an
additional
amount
of
coloring
matter.
In
this
case,
when
the
completed
wine
is
drawn
off,
the
husks
are
again
pressed,
and
the
wine
so
obtained
added
to
the
first
instalment.
As
the
tannic
acid
is
derived
from
the
skins
and
seeds
of
the
grape,
wines
prepared
in
this
manner
usually
contain
a
considerable
amount
of
this
substance.
The
fermentation
is
conducted
in
different
countries
at
different
temperatures,
and,
of
course,
with
different
re-
sults.
When
must
is
fermented
at
15
to
20°
C.
(59 to
68°
F.)
it
yields
a
wine
strong
in
alcohol,
but
wanting
in
bou-
quet;
while
if
the
fermentation
be
carried
on
at
5-±o
15°
147