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52
APRIL/MAY 2015
SUMMARY
JUDGMENTS
REVIEWS, REVIEWS, REVIEWS!
The Bill of the Century
The Bill of the Century: The Epic Battle for
the Civil Rights Act
By Clay Risen
Bloomsbury Press, 2014
Reviewed by Daniel A. Cotter
T
his year, we celebrated the 50th
anniversary of the passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act
was initially introduced by President John
F. Kennedy. Upon his assassination, Presi-
dent Lyndon B. Johnson recommitted to
passage of a civil rights bill. It is one of
the landmark pieces of legislation passed
in modern times.
In
The Bill Of The Century,
author Clay
Risen gives the reader a close look at the
Daniel A. Cotter is Vice Presi-
dent, General & Secretary at
Fidelity Life Association, and
a member of the CBA Record
Editorial Board.
legislation’s rough road to passage. Risen
opens with a few vignettes of the stories
of African Americans on July 3, 1964,
being able to frequent public places that
a day before were off limits to them. He
also describes some of the resistance that
ensued.
Risen acknowledges the important
contributions of President Johnson and
Martin Luther King, Jr. to the enactment
of the landmark legislation. At the same
time, he reminds us that these two men had
a broad supporting cast in Washington,
DC and throughout the nation. He also
reflects on the complexities of the political
process, national opinions and the legisla-
tive process and reconciliations that take
place between the U.S. Senate and U.S.
House of Representatives.
Chicago Connections
Two people with Chicago connections
played large roles in the bill eventually
becoming law–Nicholas Katzenbach and
Everett Dirksen. Katzenbach was a pro-
fessor of law at the University of Chicago
from 1956 to 1960, when he became an
Assistant Attorney General of the Office of
Legal Counsel. In 1962, he became Deputy
Attorney General. In that role, he worked
on a number of civil rights matters, includ-
ing the “Stand in the Schoolhouse Door”
incident at the University of Alabama.
Risen recounts that by mid-1963, the
Justice Department leadership, including
Katzenbach, “had concluded that compre-
hensive federal civil rights legislation was
now imperative.” The challenge for the
administration was how far any legislation
could go and still pass. Katzenbach, after a
meeting with Robert Kennedy and others,
noted “’We needed a law with a workable
public accommodation section, not a
Christmas tree that would never become
law.’”
Katzenbach began the process of strat-
egizing how to get a bill through Congress
and onto Kennedy’s desk for signature.
Risen discusses the pushback from House
and Senate members and paring back of
language, with Katzenbach navigating
the chambers. When Kennedy was assas-
sinated, President Johnson said, “Let Us
Continue.” In his speech to the nation on
November 23, 1963, he paid tribute to
Kennedy, stating, “’No memorial oration
or eulogy could more eloquently honor
President Kennedy’s memory than the ear-
liest passage of the civil rights bill for which
he fought so long.” He asked Katzenbach
to get it done.
One of the key members of Congress
whom Katzenbach and the administra-
tion worked with was U.S. Senator Everett
Dirksen. Southern Democratic Senators
engaged in a filibuster that would last 54
days to block passage of the bill. Republi-
can Dirksen, along with three other sena-
tors, introduced slightly weaker substitute
legislation. The substitute bill passed, and
the House-Senate conference committee
adopted the Senate version.
On May 19, after the conference, Dirk-
sen called a meeting of reporters and gave
“a little sermon”. Responding to a question
about why he had changed his views and
supported the bill, “he said that ‘no army
can withstand the strength of an idea
whose time has come.’” He then worked
to obtain the Republican votes required to
obtain cloture. On July 2, 1964, President
Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act into
law, an act that “revolutionized American
society by placing the federal government
undeniably and forcefully on the side of
African Americans.”
Risen has produced a detailed, infor-
mative narrative and an important read.
It is recommended to all readers as a
reflection of what Congress and theWhite
House are capable of when determined to
make positive change. On April 30, the
CBA co-hosted a gala event with other bar
associations to reflect on the importance
of this Act and the Voting Rights Act of
1965 and why they remain relevant to our
times.