Publication Name

Figure

(left)

: Composition

of Human Development In-

dex.

The characteristic fea-

ture in all four post-Soviet

countries is a relatively

high level of education in

relation to national income

and rather low life expect-

ancy, indicating high levels

of poverty and deficient

healthcare. In contrast the

level for all three indicators

in Iran is fairly balanced.

Figure

(right)

: Purchasing power parity (PPP)

meas-

ures how much a currency can buy in terms of an

international benchmark (usually dollars), since the

cost of goods and services differs between coun-

tries. PPP is below the value of a US dollar in coun-

tries where the general price index is lower than in

the US (as is the case for all five Caspian states, to

varying extents), and above it where the prices are

higher. One dollar thus buys much more in the Cas-

pian countries than in the US, which only margin-

ally compensates for the much lower income per

person. These curves do not allow any conclusions

on the wealth of individuals or income distribution

among the population.

Note the similar pattern in the post-Soviet coun-

tries, where the effects of the collapse of the Soviet

system are reflected in a steep decline in economic

activity in the early 1990s. The economy finally bot-

tomed out and started rising steadily at the beginning

of the 21st century. This contrasts with development

in Iran, which is characterised by a constant rise.

As a result of the arid and

semi-arid continental cli-

matic conditions many of

the coastal areas have spe-

cialised in extensive stock

raising, essentially sheep

and camels. Only in a few

foothills with higher rain-

fall in the Eastern Caucasus

and the Iranian provinces

of Gilan, Mazandaran and

Gulistan has prosperous

mixed farming developed, with or-

chards and market gardens.

Fishing is important for all the coastal

countries. In Russia the catch of fish

from the Caspian contributes a sig-

nificant share of the regional economy,

with Russia taking half of the total catch

from the Caspian. Fisheries provide

more than 7,000 jobs in Iran and per-

haps an equal number in related activi-

ties. However with fisheries declining

due to environmental deg-

radation and changes in the

ecosystem, the sector is los-

ing its importance, depriv-

ing many who depended

on it of a job. Tourism plays

a major role on the Iranian

coast, where a pleasant

subtropical climate attracts

a large number of Iranian

vacationers during the hot

summer months.

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