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MINING FOR CLOSURE
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Environment, security and Mining for Closure Introduction ENVSEC and Mining in South Eastern Europe Why is this document required? Challenges identified in previous UNEP studies An agenda for this document The rationale for working towards “Mining for Closure” The opportunities associated with best environmental practice mining Investment in best mining practice Key external drivers for best environmental practice mining Real or perceived financial barriers Mining stakeholders Who and what are mining stakeholders? Stakeholders & the potential use of this document Closure and abandonment of mines Why do mines cease activity and how does this affect closure? A special problem with “orphaned sites” Why are mine sites abandoned? Common expectations and emergent best environmental practice Mining for closure in SEE/TRB Meeting challenges for economies in transition Examples for innovative thinking Improving mining frameworks in SEE/TRB Orphaned and abandoned sites Operational sites New mining resources and new re-mining projects Fostering institutional frameworks Mine closure policies in general The way forward Glossary of Mining/Environment Terminology Bibliography Appendix A – Cluj Declaration Appendix B – Key European Union information resources Appendix C – The Equator Principles Appendix D – Governance Principles for FDI in Hazardous Activities 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5 5.1 5.2 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 1 1 8 9 9 11 13 17 17 21 29 31 32 35 37 37 39 44 45 50 52 57 63 64 66 70 71 75 76 80 83 89 91 92 94table of contents