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Front Cover 		1
Acknowledgments 		4
Preface 		5
Executive summary 		6
Rationale for the mining for closure report 		7
General background 		7
Objectives of the report 		8
What is mining for closure? 		8
Challenges identified in previous unep studies 		8
An agenda for the mining for closure report 		9
Activities within mining for closure 		10
The governmental case for mining for closure 		11
The business case for mining for closure 		11
The way forward 		12
A codification of principles 		13
Steps to be taken 		14
Table of Contents 		17
Environment, security and Mining for Closure 		19
Introduction 		19
ENVSEC and Mining in South Eastern Europe 		26
Why is this document required? 		27
Challenges identified in previous UNEP studies 		27
An agenda for this document 		29
The rationale for working towards “Mining for Closure” 		31
The opportunities associated with best environmental practice minin 		35
Investment in best mining practice 		35
Key external drivers for best environmental practice mining 		39
Real or perceived financial barriers 		47
Mining stakeholders 		49
Who and what are mining stakeholders? 		50
Stakeholders & the potential use of this document 		53
Closure and abandonment of mines 		55
Why do mines cease activity and how does this affect closure? 		55
A special problem with “orphaned sites” 		57
Why are mine sites abandoned? 		62
Common expectations and emergent best environmental practice 		63
Mining for closure in SEE/TRB 		68
Meeting challenges for economies in transition 		70
Examples for innovative thinking 		75
Improving mining frameworks in SEE/TRB 		81
Orphaned and abandoned sites 		82
Operational sites 		84
New mining resources and new re-mining projects 		88
Fostering institutional frameworks 		89
Mine closure policies in general 		93
The way forward 		94
Glossary of Mining/Environment Terminology 		98
Bibliography 		101
Appendixes 		105
Appendix A – Cluj Declaration 		107
Appendix B – Key European Union information resources 		109
Appendix C – The Equator Principles 		110
Appendix D – Governance Principles for FDI in Hazardous Activities 		112
Back Cover 		120
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