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54

MINING FOR CLOSURE

the utilization of the land for periodic and low

effort (anthropogenic input) uses such as graz-

ing and forestry.

Site objectives should transcend environmental qual-

ity criteria to include employment and social out-

comes, as well as long-term resource stewardship.

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Some other potential examples, all based to some

extent upon initiatives that have taken place around

the world are included below:

using remaining site features to create sus-

tainable local level employment over a longer

timeframe – i.e.; new development initiatives

based on land and remnant infrastructure

such as pits and mounds and the extensive

waste deposits on such sites;

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making re-mining operations more attractive

commercially via reduction in taxes and royal-

ties, changes in land tenure laws, and through

reduced legal liabilities for new operations (i.e.

the government assumes some potential future

liabilities itself, as for example in Germany);

subsidies for economically marginal re-mining

operations where this would still be cheaper to

the government than underwriting the com-

plete cost of rehabilitation;

some sites could be opened to artisanal miners

in a controlled fashion, accompanied by, or in

exchange for, assistance with systematic reha-

bilitation;

converting cleaned up sites to high-value land

uses via government zoning changes. Reme-

diation costs can be partially recovered from

future sales of rehabilitated and rezoned land.

Some land could be assigned to selected gov-

ernment uses;

site conversion to local agro-forestry or non-

food crops;

redevelopment for and operation of old sites as

‘biosphere reserves’ or equivalent to add to the

national inventory of natural areas (in many

places abandoned sites are known to be a ref-

uge for certain endangered species);

redevelopment of sites that may also have tour-

ism potential;

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special partnerships with other natural resource

utilization stakeholders (examples include a US

trout fishing association taking on rehabilita-

tion of streams affected by acid drainage).

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The above ideas are intended to illustrate that there

do exist other options than simply cleaning-up and

rehabilitating at high cost. However, it is clear that

not all sites would be amenable to the above, and

indeed some experiences in other countries have

shown that it is “easier said than done” to create

economic activity on former mining sites.

One early task is to study the conditions under which

such scenarios would be feasible, and what commu-

nity benefits can be expected. The options will be

country and location specific. For example, impover-

ished regions with a large pool of unemployed and

untrained people will have different possibilities than

are available for sites in developed countries with so-

phisticated technologies, high labour costs and very

high environmental expectations. An important

change is to evaluate the potential of an abandoned

site for local development opportunities rather than

only in terms of the output of global commodities. In

other words, just as the site objectives need to go be-

yond “clean-up”, so the development potential needs

to consider aspects at the local level.

The situation is potentially applicable to a large

number of developing countries and in economies

in transition. Some recent international meetings

on mining policy showed a surprising degree of

interest in this problem, and called for further ac-

tion by the UN to help address this issue (Balkau,

2005a, 2005b).

Further, and as indicated in Section 4.2.2, there

are a range of challenges to be overcome related to

information, community involvement, and legisla-

tive barriers to collaboration that add to this. Hav-

ing raised these issues, it appears of value to briefly

take up the findings of a deal of the Canadian work

conducted in that area. Among other things, these

can serve as examples of: measures that may aid in

the generation of funds for management of aban-

doned and orphaned sites; measures that need to

90. A suggestion of relevance to this discussion, for one site at

least, received from is the formation of a regional research facility

at an abandoned mine site where regionally appropriate technolo-

gies can be developed and (personal communication: University

of Nevada, 2005, 28 July).

91. Utilisation of voids and/or underground workings for novel

value added applications such as fish farming (voids) and mush-

room growing (tunnels) are examples.

92. See the Eden Project as a landmark example http://www.

edenproject.com.

In Canada, “Butchart Gardens” represents a

successful rehabilitation of an open limestone quarry that was

converted to an internationally renowned garden. Most remark-

able is that this project was undertaken nearly 100 years ago. See

www.butchartgardens.com

93. See examples within the US based Trout Unlimited’s

homepage

http://www.tu.org

.