88
M. Reni et al. / Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology 63 (2007) 81–89
[20] Weremowicz S, Kupsky WJ, Morton CC, Fletcher JA. Cytogenetic
evidence for a chromosome 22 tumor suppressor gene in ependy-
moma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1992;61:193–6.
[21] Nijssen PC, Deprez RH, Tijssen CC, et al. Familial anaplastic ependy-
moma: evidence of loss of chromosome 22 in tumour cells. J Neurol
Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:1245–8.
[22] Ward S, Harding B, Wilkins P, et al. Gain of 1q and loss of 22
are the most common changes detected by comparative genomic
hybridisation in paediatric ependymoma. Genes Chromosomes Can-
cer 2001;32:59–66.
[23] Sato K, Schauble B, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H. Infrequent alterations of
the p15, p16, CDK4 and cyclin D1 genes in non-astrocytic human
brain tumors. Int J Cancer 1996;66:305–8.
[24] Bijlsma EK, Voesten AM, Bijleveld EH, et al. Molecular analysis
of genetic changes in ependymomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer
1995;13:272–7.
[25] Applegate GL, Marymont MH. Intracranial ependymomas: a review.
Cancer Invest 1998;16:588–93.
[26] Metzger AK, Sheffield VC, Duyk G, et al. Identification of a germ-line
mutation in the p53 gene in a patient with an intracranial ependymoma.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:7825–9.
[27] Suzuki SO, Iwaki T. Amplification and overexpression of mdm2 gene
in ependymomas. Mod Pathol 2000;13:548–53.
[28] Birch BD, Johnson JP, Parsa A, et al. Frequent type 2 neurofibromato-
sis gene transcript mutations in sporadic intramedullary spinal cord
ependymomas. Neurosurgery 1996;39:135–40.
[29] von Haken MS, White EC, Daneshvar-Shyesther L, et al. Molecular
genetic analysis of chromosome arm 17p and chromosome arm 22q
DNA sequences in sporadic pediatric ependymomas. Genes Chromo-
somes Cancer 1996;17:37–44.
[30] Ebert C, von Haken M, Meyer-Puttlitz B, et al. Molecular genetic
analysis of ependymal tumors. NF2 mutations and chromosome 22q
loss occur preferentially in intramedullary spinal ependymomas. Am
J Pathol 1999;155:627–32.
[31] Rousseau-Merck M, Versteege I, Zattara-Cannoni H, et al. Fluo-
rescence in situ hybridization determination of 22q12-q13 deletion
in two intracerebral ependymomas. Cancer Genet Cytogenet
2000;121:223–7.
[32] Hirose Y, Aldape K, Bollen A, et al. Chromosomal abnormalities
subdivide ependymal tumors into clinically relevant groups. Am J
Pathol
2001;158:1137–43
.
[33] McLaughlin MP, Marcus Jr RB, Buatti JM, et al. Ependymoma:
results, prognostic factors and treatment recommendations. Int J
Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998;40:845–50.
[34] Schild SE, Nisi K, Scheithauer BW, et al. The results of radiotherapy
for ependymomas: the Mayo Clinic experience. Int J Radiat Oncol
Biol Phys 1998;42:953–8.
[35] Vanuytsel L, Brada M. The role of prophylactic spinal irradiation
in localized intracranial ependymoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys
1991;21:825–30.
[36] Hermanenk P, Sobin LH, editors. TNM classification of malignant
tumours. 4th ed. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 1987. p. 226.
[37] Salazar OM. A better understanding of CNS seeding and a brighter
outlook for postoperatively irradiated patients with ependymomas. Int
J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1983;9:1231–4.
[38] Lyons MK, Kelly PJ. Posterior fossa ependymomas: report of 30 cases
and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1991;28:659–64.
[39] Stuben G, Stuschke M, Kroll M, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy of
spinal and intracranial ependymomas: analysis of prognostic factors.
Radiother Oncol 1997;45:3–10.
[40] Schiffer D, Chio A, Giordana MT, et al. Histologic prognostic factors
in ependymoma. Childs Nerv Syst 1991;7:177–82.
[41] Prayson RA. Myxopapillary ependymomas: a clinicopathologic study
of 14 cases including MIB-1 and p53 immunoreactivity. Mod Pathol
1997;10:304–10.
[42] Daumas-Duport C. Histological grading of gliomas. Curr OpinNeurol
Neurosurg 1992;5:924–31.
[43] Schiffer D, Chio A, Cravioto H, et al. Ependymoma: internal correla-
tions among pathological signs: the anaplastic variant. Neurosurgery
1991;29:206–10.
[44] Robertson PL, Zeltzer PM, Boyett JM, et al. Survival and prognostic
factors following radiation therapy and chemotherapy for ependymo-
mas in children: a report of the Children’s Cancer Group. J Neurosurg
1998;88:695–703.
[45] Nazar GB, Hoffman HJ, Becker LE, et al. Infratentorial ependy-
momas in childhood: prognostic factors and treatment. J Neurosurg
1990;72:408–17.
[46] Garrett PG, Simpson WJ. Ependymomas: results of radiation treat-
ment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1983;9:1121–4.
[47] Di Marco A, Campostrini F, Pradella R, et al. Postoperative irra-
diation of brain ependymomas. Analysis of 33 cases. Acta Oncol
1988;27:261–7.
[48] Ernestus RI, Schroder R, Stutzer H, Klug N. The clinical and prognos-
tic relevance of grading in intracranial ependymomas. Br J Neurosurg
1997;11:421–8.
[49] Shaw EG, Evans RG, Scheithauer BW, et al. Postoperative radiother-
apy of intracranial ependymoma in pediatric and adult patients. Int J
Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1987;13:1457–62.
[50] West CR, Bruce DA, Duffner PK, Ependymomas. Factors in clinical
and diagnostic staging. Cancer 1985;56:1812–6.
[51] Ross GW, Rubinstein LJ. Lack of histopathological correlation of
malignant ependymomas with postoperative survival. J Neurosurg
1989;70:31–6.
[52] Spagnoli D, Tomei G, Ceccarelli G, et al. Combined treatment
of fourth ventricle ependymomas: report of 26 cases. Surg Neurol
2000;54:19–26.
[53] Pierre-Kahn A, Hirsch JF, Roux FX, et al. Intracranial ependymomas
in childhood. Survival and functional results of 47 cases. Childs Brain
1983;10:145–56.
[54] Kovalic JJ, Flaris N, Grigsby PW, et al. Intracranial ependymoma
long term outcome, patterns of failure. J Neurooncol 1993;15:125–
31.
[55] Vanuytsel LJ, Bessell EM, Ashley SE, et al. Intracranial ependymoma:
long-term results of a policy of surgery and radiotherapy. Int J Radiat
Oncol Biol Phys 1992;23:313–9.
[56] Wallner KE, Wara WM, Sheline GE, Davis RL. Intracranial
ependymomas: results of treatment with partial or whole brain irra-
diation without spinal irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys
1986;12:1937–41.
[57] Paulino AC, Wen BC. The significance of radiotherapy treatment
duration in intracranial ependymoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys
2000;47:585–9.
[58] KorshunovA, GolanovA, TimirgazV. Immunohistochemical markers
for intracranial ependymoma recurrence. An analysis of 88 cases. J
Neurol Sci 2000;177:72–82.
[59] Merchant TE, Haida T, Wang MH, et al. Anaplastic ependymoma:
treatment of pediatric patients with or without craniospinal radiation
therapy. J Neurosurg 1997;86:943–9.
[60] Zulch KJ. Brain tumours: their biology and pathology. 3rd ed. New
York: Springer-Verlag; 1986. p. 258–76.
[61] Goldwein JW, Leahy JM, Packer RJ, et al. Intracranial ependymomas
in children. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990;19:1497–502.
[62] Isaacson SR. Radiation therapy and the management of
intramedullary spinal cord tumors. J Neurooncol 2000;47:231–8.
[63] Rousseau P, Habrand JL, Sarrazin D, et al. Treatment of intracranial
ependymomas of children: reviewof a 15-year experience. Int J Radiat
Oncol Biol Phys 1994;28:381–6.
[64] Jenkin D. Posterior fossa tumors in childhood: radiation treatment.
Clin Neurosurg 1983;30:203–8.
[65] Healey EA, Barnes PD, Kupsky WJ, et al. The prognostic signifi-
cance of postoperative residual tumor in ependymoma. Neurosurgery
1991;28:666–71.
[66] Hukin J, Epstein F, Lefton D, Allen J. Treatment of intracranial
ependymoma by surgery alone. Pediatr Neurosurg 1998;29:40–5.