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tumor control, but this modality is not without adverse effects, and the natural history
of many tumors may involve a lack of significant growth and symptom progression.
Cranial nerve- and carotid-sparing subtotal resection may prove to be a valuable strat-
egy in experienced hands, as may hybrid techniques that incorporate initial observa-
tion, subtotal resection, and adjuvant radiation. The role of genomic sequencing, both
patient- and tumor-based, may also become a significant adjunct to tumor therapy, as
this technology becomes readily available and cost-effective.
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