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was purposefully situated in an extreme setting for the purpose of providing contrast,
it is likely that some degree of resource scarcity and task interdependence is present in
most settings in which goal structures are used. Therefore, we hope that our study will
serve as an impetus for future research that more fully explores how such contingencies
impact individual and group behaviour.
Schill et al.: Cooperation is not enough – exploring social-ecological
micro-foundations for sustainable common-pool resource use [38]
Developing management strategies in a complex social-ecological environment
also requires ecological knowledge and approaches to deal with perceived environmental
uncertainty. Cooperation in a self-governed commons dilemma implies that resource
users restrain their exploitation to a mutually agreed level. The aim of this paper is
to identify conditions under which cooperation amongst resource users can lead to
sustainable resource use in a self-governed CPR (common-pool resource) setting.
Whereas cooperative groups get closer to following the optimal exploitation path
by the end of the game, we do not see the same trend in the non-cooperative groups to
the left.
Numerous experimental studies show that trust and social preferences are important
factors for initiating and sustaining cooperation. There are many ways to interpret and
define trust and social preferences: in Agent Ex an agent is more likely to choose and
stick to a group agreement, i.e., cooperate, if it is concerned about a fair distribution of
payoffs (social preferences) and if it trusts that the others in the group will do so as well, i.e.
social uncertainty is low. Put differently, agents with social preferences can be classified as
conditional co-operators. They are only willing to cooperate if they think the other group
members will do so as well. The higher the trust (and lower the social uncertainty), the
higher the probability that an agent cooperates. In summary, the decision to cooperate
(or not) is not linked to a certain ‘behaviour type’ but determined by the interaction of
several factors, including social preferences, the level of trust and the expected payoff.
Davey et al.: Does context matter in academic entrepreneurship?
The role of barriers and drivers in the regional and national context [3]
From the economic perspective, cooperation with industry enables universities
and academics in particular, to diversify their funding resources and provide a strategy
to respond to the pressure of governmental cuts in public funding and governmental
rethinking on the allocation of public support of research in general.
A number of obstacles or inhibitors hinder the process of academic entrepreneurship.
One of them is the awareness barriers which are related to structural barrier companies
and universities face when having difficulties finding an appropriate cooperation partner.
Companies find it difficult to find appropriate contact persons for initial consulting, which
vary according to size and industry sector the business is operating in. This lack of knowledge
hinders UBC and does not seem to be solved by being present in the mass media.
A substantial barrier to UBC is the lack of funding, regardless of who is perceived
to be the ‘funder’, the business, the higher education institution (HEI) or an external
government funding. Maintaining a balance between normal academic duties and
entrepreneurial activities is a task challenge for academics acting at the boarders of two