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Figure 5.32:
Russian natural gas trade movements by pipeline
(source BP Statistical Review 2014)
Exports
Gas is exported to Europe through three main pipelines:
\\
Nord Stream:
it is a twin offshore pipeline across the Baltic Sea with the first
line established in 2011, and the second one in 2012. It transmits gas along
1,220km between Vyborg (Russia) and Greifswald (Germany) and has an
annual capacity of around 55bcma
1)
.
\\
Yamal-Europe I:
it entered in operation in 1994 and transmits gas along
2,000km to Poland and Germany via Belarus. Its annual capacity is around
33bcma
2)
.
\\
Brotherhood (Urengoy-Uzhgorod pipeline):
it entered into operation in 1967
and it is the largest gas pipeline route from Russia to Europe. Transiting through
Ukraine, it brings gas to Central and Western European countries as well as
Southern East Europe countries to finally end up in Turkey. The total annual
capacity of the Brotherhood is around 100bcma
3)
.
Other export gas pipelines of Russia bring gas to other markets:
\\
Blue Stream:
is a 1,210km-long gas offshore pipeline directly connecting
Russia to Turkey across the Black Sea. It came on line in 2003 and its annual
capacity is around 16bcm.
\\
North Caucasus:
it carries Russian gas to Georgia
and Armenia and its annual capacity is around
10bcm.
\\
Gazi-Magomed-Mozdok:
it runs 640km long be-
tween Russia and Azerbaijan. Initially this pipeline
was used to export Russian gas to Azerbaijan, but
it has been reversed and from 2010 it can carry
6bcm of gas per year from Azerbaijan to Russia.
In the last five years the largest recipients of Russian
pipeline exports in the European Union were Germany
and Italy. In 2013, these two countries amounted for
40% of the 136 bcm of Russian gas imported into
Europe. Outside the European Union the largest recip-
ients were Turkey, Ukraine and Belarus.
Besides the pipeline exports, Russia is also an export-
er of LNG. The Sakhalin liquefaction plant was
commissioned in 2009 and the majority of the LNG
was exported to Japan and South Korea. In 2013
Russia exported around 14bcm of liquefied natural
gas. However, in comparison to the EU pipeline-
bounded gas exports it is still a small amount (10.5%).
The Yamal and Shtokman LNG projects could increase
the LNG export of Russia in the future but nowadays
these projects are still uncertain.
In addition, Russia is extending its interest to far East-
ern markets. In 2014, Russia signed a supply contract
with China to deliver 38bcma of natural gas as of 2018
through a 4,000km long pipeline running from East-
ern Siberia to Vladivostok. Even when this project is
shared by the two stated owned companies Gazprom
and CNPC, the investments are colossal
4)
and first
construction works have not yet started.
1), 2), 3) According to Gazprom Export website.
4)
According to official Russian and Chinese information overall cost could be around $ 75 billion with a $ 55 billion
share for the Russia and a $ 20 billion share for China.